The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

6.1 Schematic diagram for the analytical solution of unconfined flow to a river 153
6.2 Regional Setting for MODFLOW Groundwater Flow Model. 159
6.3 MODFLOW Model Grid and Boundary Conditions. 159
6.4 Results of Particle Tracking for the MODFLOW Model. 165
6.5 Regional setting for the FAT3D Model. 168
6.6 The Grid geometry within 25 metres of the river for the FAT3D Cross-sectional model. 169
6.7a MODFLOW model - proportion of river cell inflow discharging to the river. 176
6.7b MODFLOW groundwater discharge to the river and underflow. 176
6.8 FAT3D Model Groundwater Head Contours for Different Fixed Head Boundary Conditions. 178
6.9a Specific discharge across the FAT3D model boundaries when gravel, Kx = 5 md -1 . 180
6.9b Specific discharge across the FAT3D model boundaries when gravel, Kx = 10 md -1 . 181
6.10 Sensitivity of the analytical solution for saturated thickness to variations in boundary conditions. 191
6.11 The distribution of steady state groundwater discharge across the channel. 198
6.12 The effect of obstructions on groundwater flow across the riverbed. 200
6.13 Variation in groundwater discharge to the river along the MODFLOW model reach. 200
6.14 Proportions of inflow derived across each vertical face to the MODFLOW river cells. 202
6.15 The effect of abstraction on groundwater flow across the flood plain. 205
6.16 Results of the transient analytical modelling of the hydrograph for piezometer (a) P10 (b) P11. 214
6.17 FAT3D Transient calibration against piezometers P10 and P11 hydrographs (6/3/01). 216
6.18 Water table response to the flood peak for different specific yields in the gravel. 216
6.19 Groundwater discharge through the riverbed and riverbank during the course of a flood event. 219
6.20 The spatial distribution of groundwater discharge across the riverbed during a flood event. 219
6.21 Moisture content profiles for sand and clay. 227
6.22 Cumulative inflow to the base of a sand column with a sin variation in the applied head. 227
6.23 Variation in the moisture profile of a column of (a) sand (b) clay during a head forcing cycle. 229
6.24 Variation in the UNSAT model apparent specific yield with changes in the forcing head. 230
6.25 Variations in global specific yield with changes in the amplitude and wavelength of the forcing head. 230
7.1 Longitudinal profile of groundwater and surface water conductivity. 242