The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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Conductivity μScm -1 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Surface Water Concentration Profiles Combined with Data from Riverbed and Riverbank Piezometers Surface Water 28/02/01 Surface Water 22/05/01 Surface Water 23/05/01 Surface Water 11/05/01 Surface Water 30/07/01 Surface Water 20/07/00 Surface Water 26/7/00 Riverbed Piezometers 2001 Riverbank Piezometers 2001 Riverbed Piezometers 2000 Riverbank Piezometers 2000 Max R.bank 6330 R.bed 5580 Coal Measures Aquifer Mudstone 0 -5000 -3000 -1000 1000 3000 5000 7000 9000 Distance downstream from profile 5 (metres) Geological boundary Figure 7.1 Longitudinal profile of groundwater and surface water conductivity.
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the furthest upstream of the riverbed profiles). The riverbed piezometers and the shallow piezometers located on the river banks display a considerable contrast with the EC measured in the surface water at the same location. A general upward trend in EC values is observed in the riverbed piezometers downstream across the aquifer which coincides with a change in land use, from parkland and residential areas (first 4 riverbed profiles) to more industrial areas. Adjacent samples in the surface water profile for the Tame taken on consecutive days 19-20/7/00 show two large step changes in the EC of 30% (796 to 1035 μScm -1 ) and 47% (815 to 1200 μScm -1 ). These are associated with temporal changes in the sewage treatment works (STW) discharges and different sampling times. By comparison, hourly sampling at Profile 8 over an eight hour period on 26/7/00 showed an increase through the day in surface water EC of only 14% (825 to 941 μScm -1 ). This daily variation makes it difficult to interpret the surface water profiles and relate them to the discharge of contaminated groundwater. There is no conclusive evidence in the surface water profile of any impact from the high EC plume located in the riverbed (Figure 7.1). Data on EC and flow in the River Tame for 1998 from the gauging station at Water Orton (Figure 7.2 a and b) show considerable (50-200 μScm -1 ) daily and weekly fluctuations in EC. These are only partly explained by variations in STW discharge and probably indicate multiple sources of flux to the river. Rainfall events are sometimes seen to produce a rapid initial peak in EC reaching values of over 1,500 μScm -1 associated with the first flush of urban run-off and overflow discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Levels of EC then fall due to dilution by the subsequent drainage of less contaminated run-off. 243
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
Page 211 and 212: Analytical solution for the saturat
Page 213 and 214: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
Page 215 and 216: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
Page 217 and 218: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
Page 219 and 220: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
Page 221 and 222: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
Page 223 and 224: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
Page 225 and 226: 95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
Page 227 and 228: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
Page 229 and 230: Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
Page 231 and 232: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
Page 233 and 234: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
Page 235 and 236: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
Page 237 and 238: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
Page 239 and 240: Specific discharge to the river fro
Page 241 and 242: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
Page 243 and 244: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
Page 245 and 246: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
Page 247 and 248: Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
Page 249 and 250: Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
Page 251 and 252: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
Page 253 and 254: 6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 255 and 256: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
Page 257 and 258: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
Page 259 and 260: Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
Page 261: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
Page 265 and 266: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
Page 267 and 268: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
Page 269 and 270: (a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
Page 271 and 272: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
Page 273 and 274: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
Page 275 and 276: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
Page 277 and 278: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
Page 281 and 282: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
Page 283 and 284: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286: Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
Page 287 and 288: (a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
Page 289 and 290: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
Page 291 and 292: 7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296: 95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298: (a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
Page 301 and 302: (a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
Page 303 and 304: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
Page 305 and 306: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
Page 307 and 308: Number of samples greater than dete
Page 309 and 310: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
Page 311 and 312: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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