The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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(a) Depth below river bed (cm) (b) Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Multilevel Piezometer Profiles within the bed of the RiverTame Iron (meql -1 ) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 Riverbank piezometers show ~ 10 m lateral displacement , 3 m vertical below riverbed. Multilevel Piezometer Profiles within the bed of the RiverTame 0.00 0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Manganese (meql -1 ) Riverbank piezometers show ~ 10 m lateral displacement , 3 m vertical below riverbed. P8C-24/8/00 P7-16/8/00 P8E-24/8/00 P8W-24/8/00 P5-25/8/00 P2-17/8/00 P8W-27/10/00 P8W-8/8/01 P8W-26/11/01 P8C-27/11/01 P8E-27/11/01 P8R.bnk.E-27/11/01 P8R.bnk.W-27/11/01 P8 SW-11/5/01 P8 = Lateral Profile 8 Location of multilevel piezometer within the channel: E = East, C = Central, N=North, W= West R.bank = River bank piezometer, SW = surface water P8C-24/8/00 P7-16/8/00 P8E-24/8/00 P8W-24/8/00 P5-25/8/00 P2-17/8/00 P8W-8/8/01 P8W-26/11/01 P8C-27/11/01 P8E-27/11/01 P8R.bnk.E-27/11/01 P8R.bnk.W-27/11/01 P8 SW-11/5/01 P8 = Lateral Profile 8 Location of multilevel piezometer within the channel: E = East, C = Central, N=North, W= West R.bank = River bank piezometer, SW = surface water Figure 7.5 Concentration profiles from multilevel piezometer within the riverbed of (a) Fe (b) Mn
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples show only limited variation. This reflects the nature of the sampling, the abstraction and surface water samples giving an integrated sample from a large well-mixed volume whereas the piezometers reflect localised heterogeneity. A comparison of riverbed and surface water quality (Figure 7.6) shows comparable values for the major anions, the median riverbed value being slightly lower than the surface water and the mean value being slightly higher, perhaps indicating localised impact from contaminant plume discharge. Based upon the similarity in mean riverbed and surface water anion concentrations, and the large dilution effect in the river, the groundwater anion composition will not normally alter the surface water quality significantly. However, should the upstream surface water quality improve, perhaps moving towards levels observed in Sutton Park, then groundwater will be a limiting factor on the maximum level of improvement. Sutton Park shows much lower anion concentrations in all sample types than observed in the Tame Valley, although these are still likely to be elevated above ‘natural’ levels owing to atmospheric fallout from Birmingham which lies within 10 km in the direction of the prevailing wind. Bicarbonate is the major anion in the shallow groundwater and surface water but in the deeper abstraction wells sulphate is the dominant species (mean HCO3 - 2 meql -1 , mean SO4 -2 2.9 meql -1 ). Calculations indicate that all the abstraction wells were undersaturated with respect to calcite, with saturation indices ranging from –0.3 to –2.8. This is not what would be expected for old groundwater at depth and indicates a source of relatively rapid modern recharge. The modern waters may have had limited time in contact with calcite and/or have mixed in the well with waters from other sources leading to the under saturation of the new solution with respect to calcite. Other reasons such as a common ion effect due to the presence of SO4 or 253
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
Page 221 and 222: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
Page 223 and 224: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
Page 225 and 226: 95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
Page 227 and 228: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
Page 229 and 230: Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
Page 231 and 232: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
Page 233 and 234: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
Page 235 and 236: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
Page 237 and 238: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
Page 239 and 240: Specific discharge to the river fro
Page 241 and 242: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
Page 243 and 244: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
Page 245 and 246: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
Page 247 and 248: Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
Page 249 and 250: Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
Page 251 and 252: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
Page 253 and 254: 6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 255 and 256: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
Page 257 and 258: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
Page 259 and 260: Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
Page 261 and 262: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
Page 263 and 264: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
Page 265 and 266: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
Page 267 and 268: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
Page 269 and 270: (a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
Page 271: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
Page 275 and 276: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
Page 277 and 278: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
Page 281 and 282: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
Page 283 and 284: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286: Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
Page 287 and 288: (a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
Page 289 and 290: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
Page 291 and 292: 7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296: 95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298: (a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
Page 301 and 302: (a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
Page 303 and 304: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
Page 305 and 306: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
Page 307 and 308: Number of samples greater than dete
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Page 313 and 314: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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Page 317 and 318: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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