The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

4.7.2.1 Slug Test Analyses........................................................................................................................... 83
4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Hazen and Shepherd methods................................................................... 85
4.8 Riverbed Temperature Survey .................................................................................................................... 88
4.8.1 Lateral temperature profiles ................................................................................................................ 88
4.8.2 Construction of a temperature probe................................................................................................... 89
4.8.3 Estimating groundwater flow from vertical temperature profiles ....................................................... 89
4.9 Analyses of the groundwater contribution to baseflow............................................................................... 92
4.9.1 Analyses of river hydrographs ............................................................................................................ 92
4.9.2 Seepage measurements ....................................................................................................................... 98
4.9.2.1 Construction of a seepage meter ...................................................................................................... 99
4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Solution....................................................................................................... 101
4.9.4 River Bed Sediment Controlled Darcy Flow Analytical Solution .................................................... 102
4.10 Sample analyses...................................................................................................................................... 104
4.10.1 Chemical analyses........................................................................................................................... 104
4.10.2 Measurement of Field Parameters................................................................................................... 104
4.10.3 Sample preparation and storage ...................................................................................................... 104
4.10.4 Precision and Accuracy of Inorganic Analyses............................................................................... 106
CHAPTER 5 GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME................................................... 108
5.1 General Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 108
5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley.............................................................................................................. 109
5.3 Investigation of the Surface Water Baseflow ........................................................................................... 112
5.3.1 The Surface Water Balance............................................................................................................... 112
5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses............................................................................................................................ 115
5.3.3 River Flow Gauging.......................................................................................................................... 121
5.4 Local Scale Evidence for Groundwater Discharge through the Riverbed. ............................................... 123
5.4.1 Piezometric Data from the Riverbed................................................................................................. 123
5.4.2 Temperature Data from the Riverbed................................................................................................ 125
5.5 Characterisation of the Riverbed Sediments............................................................................................. 128
5.5.1 Falling Head Test Permeability Data ................................................................................................ 128