The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

STUDY SETTING Ordnance Datum (maod) occurs to the south west at Romsley Hill and the lowest point of 70 maod is at Kingsbury, north of the Lea Marston Lakes (Figure 3.1). The river has been extensively modified from its original form as a meandering braided river system on a broad flood plain. More than 50% of the study reach has undergone engineering works for flood defence purposes, including strengthening bank sides and straightening some sections of the river. The channel bottom remains natural and unlined over most of its length, apart from some concrete-lined sections beneath the M6 motorway (Figure 3.3). Some of the tributaries have been brick lined (River Rea) or culverted (Hockley Brook). Bed materials range from sub angular cobbles through gravel, sand and silt and include many artefacts. Weed growth within the channel is limited during the winter months but is abundant during the summer and is thought to have an effect on the hydrological regime by reducing flow velocities (Clay, 1999). Aside from groundwater discharge, sewage effluent is a major component of dry weather flow in the river, with 55% of flow at the Lea Marston Lakes (Figure 3.1) attributed to sewage discharge. Efforts to improve the surface water quality have led to the closure of some of the smaller sewage treatment works (STWs) and the centralisation of treatment at larger plants. Several STWs discharge upstream of the study area and one within it, at Rayhall (Figure 3.1a), which is intended to operate at a constant discharge of 30 Mld -1 . Sewage in excess of this capacity is transported from Rayhall to Minworth STW, by the recently constructed Black Country Trunk sewer, and discharged downstream of Water Orton. The STWs are a major control on the surface water flow balance and the water quality within the river and introduce a significant temporal variability to both. The daily fluctuation in surface water flows related 32
(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph of the River Tame by the M6 Motorway, (b) Installation of riverbed piezometers.
Page 1 and 2: THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
Page 3 and 4: ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
Page 7 and 8: 3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
Page 9 and 10: 5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
Page 11 and 12: 6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
Page 15 and 16: 6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
Page 19 and 20: APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
Page 21 and 22: 1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
Page 23 and 24: 4) to develop suitable monitoring m
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
Page 27 and 28: REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
Page 29 and 30: REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
Page 31 and 32: REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
Page 33 and 34: Abstraction For drinking water supp
Page 35 and 36: REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
Page 37 and 38: 2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
Page 39 and 40: REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
Page 41 and 42: REVIEW owing to their widespread de
Page 43 and 44: REVIEW have been used to determine
Page 45 and 46: REVIEW and under conditions of non-
Page 47 and 48: (b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
Page 49 and 50: STUDY SETTING But under the General
Page 51: (a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Description of geological
Page 59 and 60: Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
Page 61 and 62: STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
Page 63 and 64: STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
Page 67 and 68: STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
Page 71 and 72: STUDY SETTING water quality through
Page 73 and 74: STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
Page 75 and 76: STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
Page 77 and 78: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
Page 79 and 80: 2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
Page 81 and 82: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 83 and 84: Water quality data were collected i
Page 85 and 86: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
Page 91 and 92: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
Page 93 and 94: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
Page 95 and 96: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
Page 97 and 98: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
Page 99 and 100: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
Page 101 and 102: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
Page 103 and 104:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
Page 105 and 106:
4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
Page 107 and 108:
K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
Page 109 and 110:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
Page 111 and 112:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 113 and 114:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
Page 115 and 116:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
Page 117 and 118:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 119 and 120:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
Page 121 and 122:
4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
Page 123 and 124:
q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
Page 125 and 126:
Determinands Method of analyses Ana
Page 127 and 128:
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
Page 129 and 130:
5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
Page 131 and 132:
Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
Page 133 and 134:
4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
Page 135 and 136:
5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
Page 137 and 138:
GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
Page 153 and 154:
Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
Page 155 and 156:
Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Location Specific Discharge (md -1
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
Page 165 and 166:
Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
Page 167 and 168:
5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
Page 173 and 174:
6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
Page 175 and 176:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
Page 177 and 178:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
Page 179 and 180:
39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
Page 181 and 182:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
Page 183 and 184:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
Page 185 and 186:
Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
Page 187 and 188:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
Page 189 and 190:
11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
Page 191 and 192:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
Page 193 and 194:
River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 195 and 196:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
Page 197 and 198:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
Page 199 and 200:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
Page 201 and 202:
Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
Page 203 and 204:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
Page 205 and 206:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
Page 211 and 212:
Analytical solution for the saturat
Page 213 and 214:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
Page 215 and 216:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
Page 221 and 222:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
Page 223 and 224:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
Page 225 and 226:
95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
Page 227 and 228:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
Page 229 and 230:
Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
Page 231 and 232:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
Page 233 and 234:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
Page 235 and 236:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
Page 237 and 238:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
Page 239 and 240:
Specific discharge to the river fro
Page 241 and 242:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
Page 243 and 244:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
Page 245 and 246:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
Page 247 and 248:
Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
Page 249 and 250:
Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
Page 251 and 252:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
Page 253 and 254:
6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 255 and 256:
GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
Page 257 and 258:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
Page 259 and 260:
Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
Page 261 and 262:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
Page 263 and 264:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
Page 265 and 266:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
Page 267 and 268:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
Page 269 and 270:
(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
Page 271 and 272:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
Page 273 and 274:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
Page 275 and 276:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
Page 277 and 278:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
Page 279 and 280:
(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
Page 281 and 282:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
Page 283 and 284:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286:
Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
Page 287 and 288:
(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
Page 289 and 290:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
Page 291 and 292:
7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296:
95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298:
(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300:
(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
Page 301 and 302:
(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
Page 303 and 304:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
Page 305 and 306:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
Page 307 and 308:
Number of samples greater than dete
Page 309 and 310:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
Page 311 and 312:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
Page 313 and 314:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
Page 315 and 316:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
Page 317 and 318:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
Page 319 and 320:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
Page 321 and 322:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
Page 323 and 324:
Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
Page 325 and 326:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
Page 327 and 328:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
Page 329 and 330:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
Page 331 and 332:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
Page 333 and 334:
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
Page 335 and 336:
GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
Page 337 and 338:
GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
Page 339 and 340:
GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
Page 341 and 342:
HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
Page 343 and 344:
Residential roof run-off *1 General
Page 345 and 346:
GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
Page 347 and 348:
Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
Page 349 and 350:
(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
Page 351 and 352:
GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
Page 353 and 354:
Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
Page 355 and 356:
GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
Page 357 and 358:
Maximum concentration in the plume
Page 359 and 360:
GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
Page 361 and 362:
Estimate of mass flux from the plum
Page 363 and 364:
GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
Page 365 and 366:
GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
Page 367 and 368:
CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
Page 369 and 370:
CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
Page 371 and 372:
CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
Page 373 and 374:
CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
Page 375 and 376:
CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
Page 377 and 378:
CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
Page 379 and 380:
CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
Page 381 and 382:
REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
Page 383 and 384:
REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
Page 385 and 386:
REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
Page 387 and 388:
REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
Page 389 and 390:
REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
Page 391 and 392:
REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
Page 393 and 394:
REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
Page 395 and 396:
REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
Page 397 and 398:
REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
Page 399:
REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
show all

The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?