The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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(a) 93000 92500 92000 91500 91000 90500 90000 89500 89000 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000 (b) 93000 92500 92000 91500 91000 90500 90000 89500 Coal Measures 1206 River Tame 1069 Shallow Piezometer Agency Monitoring Well Groundwater Head Contours (1m) Geological Boundary River Tame Thickness of the unsaturated zone (1m contours) 1070 N Triassic Sandstone Figure 5.1 (a) Contours of groundwater head in the Tame Valley (b) Contours of unsaturated zone thickness. 1073 1 km 1207 River Tame Mudstone 89000 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000 10500 11000 11500 12000
Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m 3 ) Water Level (m.a.o.d.) 6.5E+05 6.0E+05 5.5E+05 5.0E+05 4.5E+05 4.0E+05 3.5E+05 3.0E+05 2.5E+05 Monthly Abstractions from the Birmingham Aquifer - Environment Agency Borehole Return Data 2.0E+05 Apr-89 Apr-90 Apr-91 Apr-92 Apr-93 Apr-94 Apr-95 Apr-96 Apr-97 Apr-98 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 Figure 5.2 Monthly Abstractions from the Birmingham Aquifer Time Environment Agency Monitoring Wells within 350 meters of the River Tame 84 Jul-70 Jul-75 Jul-80 Jul-85 Jul-90 Jul-95 Date 1069 1070 1073 1206 1207 RB 1069 RB 1070 RB 1073 RB 1206 RB 1207 Locations For Fig well 5.1 locations see Figure 6.1a River Levels closest to the monitoring wells Figure 5.3 Historical water levels within 350 metres of the River Tame
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
Page 79 and 80: 2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
Page 81 and 82: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 83 and 84: Water quality data were collected i
Page 85 and 86: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
Page 91 and 92: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
Page 93 and 94: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
Page 95 and 96: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
Page 97 and 98: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
Page 99 and 100: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
Page 101 and 102: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
Page 103 and 104: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
Page 105 and 106: 4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
Page 107 and 108: K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
Page 109 and 110: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
Page 113 and 114: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
Page 115 and 116: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
Page 119 and 120: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
Page 121 and 122: 4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
Page 123 and 124: q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
Page 125 and 126: Determinands Method of analyses Ana
Page 127 and 128: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
Page 129: 5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
Page 133 and 134: 4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
Page 135 and 136: 5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
Page 137 and 138: GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
Page 147 and 148: Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
Page 151 and 152: 5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
Page 153 and 154: Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
Page 155 and 156: Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
Page 159 and 160: Location Specific Discharge (md -1
Page 163 and 164: 5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
Page 165 and 166: Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
Page 167 and 168: 5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
Page 171 and 172: CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
Page 173 and 174: 6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
Page 175 and 176: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
Page 177 and 178: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
Page 179 and 180: 39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
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Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
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7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
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95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
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(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
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(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
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Number of samples greater than dete
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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