The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

REVIEW
investigated the transport and fate of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and SO4 in a groundwater plume
and in the downstream surface waters in the Coeur d’Alene Mining District in the US. He
found that upon mixing with higher pH surface water the metals were lost from solution in the
following order: Fe>Al>Pb>Cu>Mn>Zn> Cd. Less than 10% of the dissolved Zn and Cd
were lost, despite a 5 km journey through both the groundwater and surface water regimes.
Paulson and Balistrieri (1999) used model simulations and laboratory experiments to examine
the removal of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in acidic groundwater during neutralisation by ambient
surface waters. They concluded that hydrous Fe oxides and particulate organic carbon are
more important than hydrous Al oxides in removing metals from the groundwater. Tessier et
al. (1996) found that trace metals present in water influent to two lakes in Canada sorbed
directly to the OH functional groups of iron and manganese oxyhroxides and organic matter
found in the lake sediments. Kuwabara et al. (1999) found that water flowing through the bed
of lake Coeur d’Alene caused a significant flux of metal from the lake sediments to the water
column.
2.2.2 Flow Studies
The groundwater support of river baseflow and its relationship to the underlying geology has
has long been recognised and studied (Meyboom, 1961, Mau et al., 1993, Pinder et al., 1969,
O’Conner 1976,). Several studies have investigated the relationship between reduced surface
water flows and increased levels of groundwater abstraction (Sophocleous 2000). A
comprehensive study on the interaction of the Equus Beds alluvial aquifer and the Arkansas
River, USA, found that abstraction for irrigation significantly reduced river baseflow levels
and induced surface water seepage into the aquifer (Ziegler et al., 2001). The response of
groundwater to transient surface water levels has been used to derive estimates of the aquifer
property S/T (Reynolds, 1987, Workman et al., 1997, Erskine 1991). Devito et al. (1996)
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