The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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A B C D E F G H 1 2 A - HDPE tubing (ID 10mm) B - Drilled Hole (Dia 10mm) C - Fine Nylon Mesh D - Stainless steel wire tie E - Driving Tube (ID 20 mm) F - Stainless Steel Washer (ID 10 mm, OD 30 mm) G - Stainless Steel Nut (ID 10 mm) H - Stainless Steel Studding Thread ( Dia 10 mm) Figure 4.4 Construction of Mini Drive-point Piezometer
MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the MDPs ranged from 5 cm to 200 cm with the typical installation depth at 50 cm. Strong correlations were found between the chemistry of samples from the river bed piezometers and the larger permanent piezometers located 10 m from the adjacent banks. This reinforced confidence in the use of the MDPs. Multilevel sampling arrays have been used by previous workers (Dean et al, 1999, Lorah et al 1999) to enable the investigation of the processes (including the degradation of organic compounds) that may be occurring across the groundwater/surface water interface. For this study a total of five multilevel arrays were installed at profiles 5, 7 and 8. The method of installation simply involved driving in single MDPs to different depths within an area of 1.5m 2 . A total of 12 MDPs were installed in Sutton Park (Figure 4.3). 4.5.1.2 Sampling methods Water samples from the riverbed piezometers were obtained using either a portable 12 VDC peristaltic pump or a hand vacuum pump (Mighty Vac). Samples taken using the hand pump were extracted directly from the piezometer in the river channel into a 300 ml conical flask which was then brought to the bank and emptied into a beaker for further processing. This method was used only for sampling carried out in 2000. For 2001 sampling work, a portable peristaltic pump was constructed. The pump was connected from the bank via a ~12 m section of LDPE tubing with an OD of 10 mm which fitted directly into the riverbed piezometer forming a tight seal. Samples for inorganic analyses were initially collected in a 250 ml beaker prior to filtration. Only the minimum necessary amount of water was withdrawn to meet the sampling requirements in order to prevent the occurrence of downward vertical flow and possible contamination by surface water. 73
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
Page 41 and 42: REVIEW owing to their widespread de
Page 43 and 44: REVIEW have been used to determine
Page 45 and 46: REVIEW and under conditions of non-
Page 47 and 48: (b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
Page 49 and 50: STUDY SETTING But under the General
Page 51 and 52: (a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
Page 53 and 54: (a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
Page 55 and 56: Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
Page 57 and 58: Table 3.1 Description of geological
Page 59 and 60: Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
Page 61 and 62: STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
Page 63 and 64: STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
Page 65 and 66: (a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
Page 67 and 68: STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
Page 71 and 72: STUDY SETTING water quality through
Page 73 and 74: STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
Page 75 and 76: STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
Page 77 and 78: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
Page 79 and 80: 2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
Page 81 and 82: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
Page 83 and 84: Water quality data were collected i
Page 85 and 86: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
Page 91: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
Page 95 and 96: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
Page 97 and 98: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
Page 99 and 100: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
Page 101 and 102: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
Page 103 and 104: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
Page 105 and 106: 4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
Page 107 and 108: K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
Page 109 and 110: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
Page 113 and 114: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
Page 115 and 116: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
Page 119 and 120: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
Page 121 and 122: 4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
Page 123 and 124: q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
Page 125 and 126: Determinands Method of analyses Ana
Page 127 and 128: MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
Page 129 and 130: 5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
Page 131 and 132: Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
Page 133 and 134: 4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
Page 135 and 136: 5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
Page 137 and 138: GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
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6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
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Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
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(a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
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(a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
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Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
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(a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
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7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
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95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
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(a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
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(a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
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(a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. T
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
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Number of samples greater than dete
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
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Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
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GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
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GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
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GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
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HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
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Residential roof run-off *1 General
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GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
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Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
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(a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
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GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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