The impact of urban groundwater upon surface water - eTheses ...

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WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS with a dissolved oxygen (DO) content of 2.5 mgl -1 which increases rapidly to 6 mgl -1 across the top 30 cm due to mixing and diffusion from the oxygenated surface water. The pH of the influent groundwater is 5.7 which exhibits minor fluctuations (
WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS depth. This indicates dissolution of iron oxide/hydroxide coatings on the sediments and then re-precipitation upon mixing with surface water and an increased pH. All the heavy metals exhibit similar trends in concentration over depth (Figure 7.19c,d,e,f), with influent groundwater levels increasing and then generally falling in the groundwater surface water mixing zone. The depth interval over which the changes occur vary between the metals: copper, nickel, zinc and lead concentrations rise from 40 cm and start dropping from 15 cm depth with the exception of copper which continues to rise. Cadmium shows a rise from 72 cm and mercury concentrations peak at 37 cm before dropping steadily towards the surface water interface. The rises in concentrations are likely to be due to either disolution or de-sorption from the riverbed sediments. Both controlling processes are dependent on the pH and redox conditions which appear to be similar, both at depth and in the zone of increased metal concentration. This suggests that a source of solid/sorbed material is present that does not exist at depth, perhaps a layer of metal-rich sediment washed down from industrial activities upstream. High values for mean total copper (42 μgl -1 ) zinc (139 μgl -1 ) and nickel (126 μgl -1 ) values have been recorded in monthly Environment Agency surface water sampling at the downstream boundary of the aquifer; approximately 50% of the copper was in particulate form (Appendix 2). The drop in concentration values that takes place for Zn, Ni, and Cr, between depths of 18 cm and 15 cm is too great to be explained by a dilution of 13%, and sorption or precipitation reactions are the likely explanation. Under pH conditions of 6.8 at 15 cm depth, copper, nickel and zinc are likely to remain soluble despite the increasing oxygen content. Chromium as Cr 3+ is slightly mobile under acidic conditions and with a rise in pH and a change to oxidising 283
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THE IMPACT OF URBAN GROUNDWATER UPO
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ABSTRACT A field-based research stu
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to th
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3.4.1 Solid Geology ...............
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5.5.2 Riverbed Sediment Core Data a
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6.10 Investigation of groundwater-s
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LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Conceptual mode
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6.1 Schematic diagram for the analy
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LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Descriptio
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APPENDICES Appendices 1, 11, 19, 20
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1.1 Project outline CHAPTER 1. INTR
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4) to develop suitable monitoring m
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INTRODUCTION European Commission Wa
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REVIEW 2.1) and surface water may o
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REVIEW features of groundwater/surf
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REVIEW provide refuge to benthic in
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Abstraction For drinking water supp
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REVIEW occur such as biodegradation
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2.2.1 Water quality studies REVIEW
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REVIEW investigated groundwater/sur
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REVIEW owing to their widespread de
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REVIEW have been used to determine
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REVIEW and under conditions of non-
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(b) (a) River Tame 10 m topographic
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STUDY SETTING But under the General
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(a) Land Use In The River Tame Corr
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(a) (b) Figure 3.3 (a) Photograph o
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Figure 3.4 Schematic geology of the
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Table 3.1 Description of geological
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Wildmoor Sandstone Formation (middl
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STUDY SETTING Man-made excavations
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STUDY SETTING Tame were effluent to
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(a) (b) (c) Figure 3.9 (a) Postulat
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STUDY SETTING this restricts the le
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Figure 3.10 Schematic cross section
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STUDY SETTING water quality through
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STUDY SETTING (Ford, 1990) from nin
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STUDY SETTING dry cleaning industry
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS CHA
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2 9 4 0 0 0 2 8 8 0 0 0 4020000 410
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS The
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Water quality data were collected i
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pie
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS pre
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS the
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS (Ga
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Acc
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS bor
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS tha
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS des
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4.7.3 Grain size analyses by the Ha
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K = hydraulic conductivity (feet da
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS A s
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Run
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS nex
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS Dif
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4.9.3 Radial Flow Analytical Soluti
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q = - k dh dx River Riverbed q = th
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Determinands Method of analyses Ana
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MONITORING NETWORKS AND METHODS dif
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5.2 Groundwater in the Tame Valley
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Total Monthly Volume Abstracted (m
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4020000 4100000 Bescot GS 91, 182 1
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5.3.2 Baseflow Analyses GROUNDWATER
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GROUNDWATER FLOW TO THE RIVER TAME
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Temperature C o 20 19.5 19 18.5 18
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5 cm Figure 5.16 (a) Riverbed core
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Frequency 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20
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Summary of Darcy Specific Discharge
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Location Specific Discharge (md -1
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5.8 The Hydrogeological Setting of
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Level ( m.a.o.d ) Level ( m.a.o.d )
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5.9 Concluding Discussion GROUNDWAT
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CHAPTER 6. THE MODELLING OF GROUNDW
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6.2.1 Analytical Model, Steady Stat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The rive
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.3.1 Re
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39 57 Figure 6.2 Regional Setting f
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING increase
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING general,
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Groundwater head contours (1m) 93.0
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.4.3 Gr
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11 12 13 # # # # # # 96 97 98 Colum
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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River level data GROUNDWATER FLOW M
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of geolo
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The FAT3
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING and grav
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Elevation of cell centre (m.a.o.d)
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING transmis
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING on each
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING of 0.5md
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Analytical solution for the saturat
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING presence
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in secti
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING The aver
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING would re
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING the aqui
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95 95 95 95 39 MODFLOW Particle Tra
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING Historic
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Discharge to the river m 3 d -1 % v
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING 6.10.2 A
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING investig
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING across t
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING by the F
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Specific discharge to the river fro
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING in time
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING unsatura
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GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING amplitud
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Depth (cm) -80 -100 -120 -140 -160
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Depth (cm) -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -1
Page 251 and 252: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING cycles o
Page 253 and 254: 6.12 Conclusions GROUNDWATER FLOW M
Page 255 and 256: GROUNDWATER FLOW MODELLING consider
Page 257 and 258: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS CHAPTER
Page 259 and 260: Water Quality Data From Sutton Park
Page 261 and 262: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS 7.1 Indi
Page 263 and 264: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS (the fur
Page 265 and 266: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Underlyi
Page 267 and 268: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Oxygen l
Page 269 and 270: (a) (b) Eh (mv) DO (mgl -1 ) 600 50
Page 271 and 272: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS riverbed
Page 273 and 274: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS samples
Page 275 and 276: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS errors i
Page 277 and 278: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS industri
Page 279 and 280: (a) (b) (c) Depth below river bed (
Page 281 and 282: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS within 5
Page 283 and 284: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grea
Page 285 and 286: Cation Content (mgl -1 ) 300 250 20
Page 287 and 288: (a) (b) (c) Calcium Concentration m
Page 289 and 290: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS in the u
Page 291 and 292: 7.5 Toxic Metals WATER QUALITY INTE
Page 293 and 294: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS parkland
Page 295 and 296: 95 94 93 92 OD (meters) 91 90 89 88
Page 297 and 298: (a) (b) (c) Chloride (meql -1 ) Nit
Page 299 and 300: (a) (b) Depth below river bed (cm)
Page 301: (a) (c) (e) Depth below river bed (
Page 305 and 306: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS extent.
Page 307 and 308: Number of samples greater than dete
Page 309 and 310: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The only
Page 311 and 312: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS source f
Page 313 and 314: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The surf
Page 315 and 316: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The Envi
Page 317 and 318: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS the bias
Page 319 and 320: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS The grou
Page 321 and 322: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS value of
Page 323 and 324: Depth below river bed (cm) 0 20 40
Page 325 and 326: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS There is
Page 327 and 328: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS Standard
Page 329 and 330: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS general
Page 331 and 332: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS attenuat
Page 333 and 334: WATER QUALITY INTERACTIONS these fa
Page 335 and 336: GROUNDWATER FLUX CHAPTER 8. ESTIMAT
Page 337 and 338: GROUNDWATER FLUX solution then the
Page 339 and 340: GROUNDWATER FLUX the riverbed piezo
Page 341 and 342: HCO3 - Determinant Mean Groundwater
Page 343 and 344: Residential roof run-off *1 General
Page 345 and 346: GROUNDWATER FLUX availability of sa
Page 347 and 348: Discharge MLd -1 350 330 310 290 27
Page 349 and 350: (a) Dissolved Mass gs -1 Dissolved
Page 351 and 352: GROUNDWATER FLUX exception of Si, C
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Location Distance from Bescot GS (k
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GROUNDWATER FLUX groundwater is a s
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Maximum concentration in the plume
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GROUNDWATER FLUX 150 m was used, to
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Estimate of mass flux from the plum
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GROUNDWATER FLUX an urban setting.
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GROUNDWATER FLUX improvement of sur
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CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9. CONCLUSIONS
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CONCLUSIONS surface-water quality b
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CONCLUSIONS 1945) which caused sign
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CONCLUSIONS Objective 4. To develop
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CONCLUSIONS On a catchment scale, g
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CONCLUSIONS other compounds of inte
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CONCLUSIONS groundwater and surface
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REFERENCES REFERENCES Allen, D.J.,
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REFERENCES Bredehoeft, J.D., & Papa
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REFERENCES De Marsily, G., 1986. Qu
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REFERENCES Ford, M., Tellam, J.H.,
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REFERENCES Hooda, P.S., Moynagh, M.
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REFERENCES Kuwabara, J., Berelson,
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REFERENCES Modica, E., 1993. Hydrau
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REFERENCES Rivett, M.O., Feenstra,
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REFERENCES Stagg, K.A., 2000. An in
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REFERENCES Younger, P.L., 1989. Str
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