QUANTUM METAPHYSICS - E-thesis

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me to offer new and significant material, was a reward for my journey that I could not have predicted. To earn such a bonus, I am almost ready to do everything all over again. On many occasions during this, in some people’s opinion, perhaps over-brave attempt to produce a comprehensive outline of the bases on which our conception of reality rests, I have been frustrated by the need to accept the shortage of time available for human beings so that I could achieve a sufficiently deep insight into all the subjects that I am dealing with. I believe that more detailed investigations by specialists in different areas could confirm many of my arguments, but even if this does not happen, my work will not have been wasted if it awakens interest among physicists in the basic questions of philosophy, or results in increased understanding among philosophers of the significance of the facts produced by science. I also hope that, among my readers, I can reduce the widely-disseminated fiction that the world is a somehow boring and wholly-known place in which the manner in which we spend our lives has no meaning. Now that this work is complete, I want to thank all the people who have helped and supported me on my journey. I am especially grateful to my professor, Ilkka Niiniluoto, for his many valuable comments. Without his positive support, I might not have started this attempt to build a bridge between the worlds of physics and philosophy. For his early comments on the direction of my work, I thank Professor Henry Folse, an expert in Bohrs’ philosophy. Emeritus Professor K.V.Laurikainen, sadly no longer with us, encouraged me in ways that cannot be overestimated. 3 Important for the development of many of my thoughts have been presentations to the Society for Natural Philosophy which he created, and which has subsequently been a source of stimulating discussions. Many thanks for my achieving the final work are due to Professor Eeva Martikainen, director of an interdiciplinary research project on ”Theology and Natural Sciences” financed by the Academy of Finland. She offered passage for a philosopher who started out from physics to a group which worked at the Department of Theology. In the summer of 1999, this project organised a seminar at which both Professor Kari Enqvist and Professor Olli Koistinen provided valuable feedback on my work. In the autumn of the same year, the project made it possible for me to spend one term as a visiting scholar at Cambridge University in the UK. The effect of this journey, the university library and bookshop on the final formulation of what I believed to be an almost completed work was significant. Discussions with Professor John Polkinghorne and Jeremy Butterfield Ph.D introduced new perspectives on my subject matter. I am especially grateful to Professor Rainer R. Zimmerman, who visited Cambridge at the time I 3 For more on this subject, see Kallio-Tamminen 1999. 9
was there, and whose inspiring work in philosophy of physics offers challenging views for the future. Discussions with Paavo Pylkkänen Ph.D. and Inga R. Gammel Ph.D were also extremely stimulating. My husband Tapio Tamminen Ph.D, an anthropologist, has in many ways influenced my thoughts concerning the formation of human cultures. For the English version of the text I am grateful to Rick McArthur who in a splendid manner delved in to clarification of the subject. 10
Page 1 and 2: Tarja Kallio-Tamminen QUANTUM METAP
Page 3 and 4: Tarja Kallio-Tamminen QUANTUM METAP
Page 5 and 6: Contents Preface 1. Introduction 11
Page 7 and 8: Preface Even when I was at school,
Page 9: increasingly familiarity with the m
Page 13 and 14: As I see it, profound change in way
Page 15 and 16: scientific method and its objective
Page 17 and 18: objects featuring in modern physics
Page 19 and 20: determined and permanent place than
Page 21 and 22: philosophical context, a conception
Page 23 and 24: e seen as intertwined and influenti
Page 25 and 26: time. 24 Even a speculation as abst
Page 27 and 28: The idea of a single fundamental su
Page 29 and 30: substance may be one of the known e
Page 31 and 32: proposed by Pythagoras 42 (ca. 572-
Page 33 and 34: eing is, and unbeing is not, there
Page 35 and 36: Empedocles believed that the combin
Page 37 and 38: The antique Atomists Leukippos and
Page 39 and 40: elong to actual reality. 71 The tea
Page 41 and 42: Even though the teachings of the an
Page 43 and 44: shared a common scepticism, a mistr
Page 45 and 46: perceived and changing sense-world
Page 47 and 48: egulating the universe. The terms l
Page 49 and 50: own quality. 105 Plato's influence
Page 51 and 52: icks could be used to make houses.
Page 53 and 54: deduced in a logical manner. While
Page 55 and 56: Classical physics concentrated prim
Page 57 and 58: form. 126 The concept of quantum st
Page 59 and 60: concepts of the Sceptics and Stoics
Page 61 and 62:
salvation of every human soul. In f
Page 63 and 64:
incorrect. Aquinas took the view th
Page 65 and 66:
way of thinking. 149 Thought concer
Page 67 and 68:
viewpoint, touched all aspects of w
Page 69 and 70:
In the following sections, the outl
Page 71 and 72:
follower of Ptolemy, so after a per
Page 73 and 74:
Copernicus had adhered to Plato’s
Page 75 and 76:
eliefs are symbolised in a vignette
Page 77 and 78:
e mathematical knowledge of quantit
Page 79 and 80:
Democritus’ atomic doctrine, whic
Page 81 and 82:
had simply not been understood corr
Page 83 and 84:
The logic of inductive thought base
Page 85 and 86:
confidence of Europe’s educated c
Page 87 and 88:
Descartes employed many Aristotlean
Page 89 and 90:
2.3.3. Isaac Newton’s synthesis O
Page 91 and 92:
demonstrate mathematically that suc
Page 93 and 94:
possible. 242 3. The Mechanistic-de
Page 95 and 96:
experiments. Physical events were o
Page 97 and 98:
mechanical and deterministic ideals
Page 99 and 100:
it is more important to examine the
Page 101 and 102:
depend on that body’s velocity. N
Page 103 and 104:
future development. 272 It is, howe
Page 105 and 106:
and events observed in the world ca
Page 107 and 108:
independently examine all the world
Page 109 and 110:
measured. Even if some people conti
Page 111 and 112:
and adapted it to both political an
Page 113 and 114:
hundred senses of the word ‘free
Page 115 and 116:
world of our perceptions and feelin
Page 117 and 118:
etween them becomes a problem. How
Page 119 and 120:
in physics is a psychic concept. Th
Page 121 and 122:
George Berkeley (1685-1753) Berkele
Page 123 and 124:
secondary value when compared to kn
Page 125 and 126:
Order observed in the world is not
Page 127 and 128:
either religion or ethics. Also sci
Page 129 and 130:
harmony, was reminiscent of Christi
Page 131 and 132:
subjective consciousness about each
Page 133 and 134:
and philosophers, signified the ant
Page 135 and 136:
experience by affirming anything th
Page 137 and 138:
esulting from experience, so-called
Page 139 and 140:
for scientific certainty was the us
Page 141 and 142:
Devlin, many obvious problems have
Page 143 and 144:
Democritus’ assumption that all e
Page 145 and 146:
approached via behaviourism. Favour
Page 147 and 148:
advocated by Aristotle - i.e. put r
Page 149 and 150:
into the influence of genes. 392 In
Page 151 and 152:
3.4.4. The metaphysical foundation
Page 153 and 154:
inertia, according to which the cha
Page 155 and 156:
evaluations of our basic beliefs is
Page 157 and 158:
3.5.1. The conception of reality as
Page 159 and 160:
W. Whewell in the 1800s that theori
Page 161 and 162:
When humans learnt how to construct
Page 163 and 164:
paradigm or research programme cann
Page 165 and 166:
fit the given mechanistic-determini
Page 167 and 168:
knowledge concerning reality in an
Page 169 and 170:
than other modern theories of compa
Page 171 and 172:
proved correct by any quantity of e
Page 173 and 174:
Even though the philosophical premi
Page 175 and 176:
amount of energy. He was not able t
Page 177 and 178:
acquainted with Rutherford and Thom
Page 179 and 180:
material. These experiments agreed
Page 181 and 182:
Hamilton 460 . Erwin Schrödinger,
Page 183 and 184:
and phases. As every waveform corre
Page 185 and 186:
measuring yields exact values, it a
Page 187 and 188:
esult of an experiment. 479 The cha
Page 189 and 190:
while quantum mechanics has been a
Page 191 and 192:
4.2. New features connected with qu
Page 193 and 194:
particles out of these fields using
Page 195 and 196:
Many of the problems of interpretin
Page 197 and 198:
abstract and by itself insufficient
Page 199 and 200:
internmediate states are impossible
Page 201 and 202:
circumstances where this experiment
Page 203 and 204:
Since it is not possible to accurat
Page 205 and 206:
In contrast to Heisenberg, Bohr did
Page 207 and 208:
In the EPR state, the wave function
Page 209 and 210:
Precise measurements of correlation
Page 211 and 212:
Phase entanglement associated with
Page 213 and 214:
Disturbance caused by measurement a
Page 215 and 216:
Even if, at first sight, chance app
Page 217 and 218:
saw that it had become clear that r
Page 219 and 220:
Correct conception of the matter ha
Page 221 and 222:
quantum mechanics required a radica
Page 223 and 224:
defining the observation of phenome
Page 225 and 226:
mathematical equations of natural s
Page 227 and 228:
physics. As a philosopher Bohr was
Page 229 and 230:
structure and emitted radiation, hi
Page 231 and 232:
in which they can be experienced an
Page 233 and 234:
objects with the help of natural la
Page 235 and 236:
Como. 629 At this occasion, in addi
Page 237 and 238:
complementary way of approaching th
Page 239 and 240:
ecause we are fettered by our forms
Page 241 and 242:
The view-point of complementarity a
Page 243 and 244:
4.3.4. Later attempts to interpret
Page 245 and 246:
metaphysical determinists complete
Page 247 and 248:
would require a rational broadening
Page 249 and 250:
quantum theory directly offer its o
Page 251 and 252:
concepts as being too bizarre and r
Page 253 and 254:
mathematician, questioned the tradi
Page 255 and 256:
Pauli emphasized, in the same way a
Page 257 and 258:
analyses of the nature of reality a
Page 259 and 260:
presuppositions and objective ideal
Page 261 and 262:
abandon the traditional objective w
Page 263 and 264:
For example, an observer can, using
Page 265 and 266:
used for measurement defines the co
Page 267 and 268:
generate a model for the process of
Page 269 and 270:
oom for their separate existence in
Page 271 and 272:
a radioactive source is connected t
Page 273 and 274:
physics, his assertion that a quant
Page 275 and 276:
appreciated by Einstein, and he wro
Page 277 and 278:
of action requires that the object
Page 279 and 280:
Theory of Everything, TOE). He felt
Page 281 and 282:
usability and their many concrete a
Page 283 and 284:
Bohr’s way of thinking, touching
Page 285 and 286:
parameter. Natural laws always rema
Page 287 and 288:
made to return all events to some i
Page 289 and 290:
This relationality connected with t
Page 291 and 292:
influenced by, autonomous subjects
Page 293 and 294:
new facts revealed by quantum theor
Page 295 and 296:
5.1.1. Natural philosophy and the d
Page 297 and 298:
them down into their separate origi
Page 299 and 300:
eference allows humans located with
Page 301 and 302:
such strict divisions are unnecessa
Page 303 and 304:
description of this situation in na
Page 305 and 306:
form, as does quantum mechanics. 79
Page 307 and 308:
possible and unavoidable. While the
Page 309 and 310:
factor through which we are able to
Page 311 and 312:
ontological-epistemological model d
Page 313 and 314:
the measurement situation revealed
Page 315 and 316:
in biology, psychology and sociolog
Page 317 and 318:
mind epiphenomenal, as causally ine
Page 319 and 320:
mind, categories such as mental eve
Page 321 and 322:
e directly understood by reducing t
Page 323 and 324:
The concept of a quantum state whic
Page 325 and 326:
Describing reality as a complex qua
Page 327 and 328:
sees the evolution of life as a pro
Page 329 and 330:
physics, they had to work within th
Page 331 and 332:
visible material form and a soul. P
Page 333 and 334:
eality. 847 Quantum mechanics makes
Page 335 and 336:
methodological maxim of science can
Page 337 and 338:
well in all its aspects without the
Page 339 and 340:
foundation, the highest level in Gr
Page 341 and 342:
BOHM David and HILEY Basil (1987) A
Page 343 and 344:
ENQVIST Kari (2003) Kosmoksen hahmo
Page 345 and 346:
HEISENBERG Werner (1969) Der Teil u
Page 347 and 348:
KALLIO-TAMMINEN Tarja (2004) Niels
Page 349 and 350:
NEWTON Isaac (1972) Philosophiae Na
Page 351 and 352:
REICHEL Hans-Christian (1997) How c
Page 353:
TREIMAN Sam (1999) The Odd Quantum.
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