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Chapter IV: Results
inhibition; were considered acceptable for this study. Table 27 includes the means, standard
deviations, skewness, kurtosis, and range for the measures used in regression analysis.
Table 27
Descriptives of Measures used in Regression analyses, N = 332
Variable M SD Skewness Kurtosis Range
Depressive Symptomatology (RADS-2) 56.27 13.30 .65 .46 31-103
Social Perspective Coordination (4+Rel-Q) 2.17 .14 -.85 2.21 1.44-2.50
Poor Emotion Awareness (EESC) 2.00 .78 .93 .32 1.00-4.50
Expressive Reluctance (EESC) 2.44 .84 .45 -.53 1.00-4.75
Sadness Management: Coping (CSMS) 2.16 .40 -.18 -.34 1.00-3.00
Anger Management: Inhibition (CAMS) 1.74 .51 .41 -.45 1.00-3.00
Box plots were used to identify univariate outliers in the measures that identify social
perspective coordination (4+Rel-Q), depressive symptomatology (RADS-2), emotion awareness
(EESC scale) and expression of emotion (EESC scale), and sadness (CSMS scale) and anger
regulation (CAMS scale). Out-of-range values were checked against the original data for
accuracy of input. Upon visual inspection of the distributions, one univariate outlier was
identified in the 4+Rel-Q, but it disappeared upon examination for multivariate outliers and
hence did not affect multivariate distribution. As noted by Tabachnick and Fidell (2001) and
others (Stevens, 1992), in samples with more than 100 cases, a few outliers can be expected by
chance. This one case was retained for all multivariate analyses.
Using Mahalanobis distance with p < .001 (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001) scatterplot, three
multivariate outliers were identified. Mahalanobis distance was also calculated as chi-square
with degrees of freedom equal to the number of observed variables in the hypothesized model
(Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). For the present study, which implemented seven independent
variables for the regression analysis, the X 2 critical value at p