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Chapter III: Methodology
rather than being a general indicator of negative emotional control. Analyses of the Emotion
Awareness Scale (EAS) (Penza-Clyve & Zeman, 2002) also showed convergent validity
indicating that the Sadness Inhibition subscale is related to poor emotion awareness and emotion
management. The Sadness Inhibition subscale was positively associated with higher scores on
the Child Depression Inventory (CDI) (Kovacs, 1985, 1992; Zeman et al., 2001).
Emotion Regulation: Anger
To assess adolescents' self-reports of specific behaviorally oriented emotion regulation of
anger, the Children's Anger Management Scale (CAMS) (Zeman et al., 2001; see Appendix
L1-3) was utilized. The CAMS is composed of three subscales: Anger Inhibition, Anger
Dysregulated Expression, and Anger Regulation Coping (Penza-Clyve & Zeman, 2002; Zeman
Shipman, & Penza-Clyve, 2001; Zeman, Shipman, & Suveg, 2002). Anger Inhibition (four
items) assesses the suppression of anger expression (e.g., "I hold my anger in"). Anger
Dysregulated Expression (three items) reflects the outward expression of anger in a culturally
dysregulated manner or culturally inappropriate expression of anger (e.g., "I say mean things to
others when I am mad"). Anger Regulation Coping (four items) includes strategies for coping
with anger by using adaptive methods of anger management (e.g., "I try to calmly deal with what
is making me feel mad") (Penza-Clyve & Zeman, 2002; Zeman, Shipman, & Penza-Clyve, 2001;
Zeman, Shipman, & Suveg, 2002). The construction of the 11 items parallels the CSMS (Penza-
Clyve & Zeman, 2002) where responses are rated on a 3-point scale (1 = "hardly ever true," 2 =
"sometimes true," 3 = "often true"). Higher scores produced on these subscales reflect higher
levels of Anger Inhibition, Anger Dysregulated Expression, and Anger Regulation Coping,
respectively. These three subscales of the CAMS have been used in a number of studies to
address its specific anger regulation (J. L. Zeman, personal communication, March, 6, 2007; Sim
& Zeman, 2006; Suveg & Zeman, 2004; Zeman et al., 2002). For the present study, the three
subscales were utilized separately to address the participants' specific emotion regulation of
anger.
In previous research conducted assessing reliability of the CAMS with a community
sample of preadolescents, the internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) ranged from .62 to .77
with test retest reliability ranging from .61 to .80 (Penza-Clyve & Zeman, 2002; Suveg &
Zeman, 2004; Zeman et al., 2001). Cronbach's alphas for the present study were as follows: .51
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