Final Report Lot 9: Public street lighting - Amper

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Table 20:Estimation of maintenance and installation cost related parameters EU25 average hourly labour cost including €31,83 overhead Time required for installing one luminaire 20 min. (group installation) Time required for lamp replacement (group 10 min. replacement) Time required for lamp replacement (spot 20 min. replacement) Time required for maintenance including 30 min. ballast replacement 2.4.4 Interest and inflation rate As regards the discount rates, which is the difference between interest and inflation, there will only be small differences in the EU. The official inflation rate is 2% and the interest rate (for consumer loans 45 ) is around 4%. This leads to a discount rate of 2% (VHK, 2005). 45 Not the ECB long-term rate, which is around 2%, but the interest rate a consumer theoretically would have to pay for lending money to pay for a more expensive product. 88
3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND LOCAL INFRASTRUCTURE Consumer aspects can -in part- be influenced by product design but overall it is a very relevant input for the assessment of the environmental impact and the Life Cycle Costs of a product. One aim is to identify barriers and restrictions to possible eco-design measures, due to social, cultural or infra-structural factors. A second aim is to quantify relevant user-parameters that influence the environmental impact during product-life and that are different from the standard test conditions as described in chapter 1. The parameters that are quantified in this chapter are relevant for the calculation of environmental impacts and costs in the use phase of street lighting (see 4.3). 3.1 Real Life Efficiency and quantification of relevant parameters 3.1.1 Street lighting, colour and the sensitivity of the human eye and nature It is important in the context of street lighting that the actual standard performance requirements on photometric values as defined in chapter 1 (lumen, lux, candela) are defined for photopic vision only. There are however studies that indicate that white light is optically beneficial compared to more yellowish light at similar but very low illuminance levels, when also considering scotopic and mesopic vision. Photopic vision (Figure 17) is the scientific term for human colour vision under normal lighting conditions during the day. The human eye uses three types of cones to sense light in three respective bands of colour. The pigments of the cones have maximum absorption values at wavelengths of about 445 nm (blue), 535 nm (green), 575 nm (red). Their sensitivity ranges overlap to provide continuous (but not linear) vision throughout the visual spectrum. The maximum efficacy is 683 lumens/W at a wavelength of 555 nm (yellow). Scotopic vision (Figure 17) is the scientific term for human vision "in the dark". In that range, the human eye uses rods to sense light. Since the rods have a single absorption maximum of about 1700 lumens/W at a wavelength of 507 nm, scotopic vision is colour blind. The sensitivity range of the rods makes the eye more sensitive to blue light at night, while red light is almost exclusively perceived through photopic vision. Mesopic vision is the scientific term for a combination between photopic vision and scotopic vision in low (but not quite dark) lighting situations. The combination of the higher total sensitivity of the rods in the eye for the blue range with the colour perception through the cones results in a very strong appearance of bluish colours (e.g. flowers) around dawn. 89
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Free dissemination (Contract TREN/D
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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6.1.7 Intelligent electronic dimmab
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Simplified
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Table 68: Category S (slow traffic)
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Table 144: Overview of ‘Mercury v
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Typical s
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Figure 69: Value of lamp production
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even the luminaire in its entirety
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1 PRODUCT DEFINITION The goal of th
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Figure 3: Typical street lighting l
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• Products such as private outdoo
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Figure 8: Example of Fast Traffic (
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“The maintained useful luminous f
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The two following characters indica
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parameters influencing the deprecia
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sum of the individual luminous flux
Page 37 and 38: This part of the European Standard
Page 39 and 40: (compact) lamps with power equal to
Page 41 and 42: Specifies the lamp dimensions, elec
Page 43 and 44: Specifies the safety requirements f
Page 45 and 46: Exceptions for lamps: this directiv
Page 47 and 48: Catalonia 2001: 'LLEI 6/2001, de 31
Page 49 and 50: Table 3: Mandatory Label for Ballas
Page 51 and 52: Table 7: Voluntary Label for Ballas
Page 53 and 54: 2 MARKET AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The
Page 55 and 56: Millions of lamps 45,0 40,0 35,0 30
Page 57 and 58: parts no information on production
Page 59 and 60: Table 149 and Table 150 in ANNEX E
Page 61 and 62: Table 10: Overview of lamp and ball
Page 63 and 64: 2.2 Market and stock data To overco
Page 65 and 66: An introduction message explained t
Page 67 and 68: Table 156 and Figure 14 indicate th
Page 69 and 70: pronounced, i.e. the apparent consu
Page 71 and 72: Road category Road length in 2004 S
Page 73 and 74: For luminaires we can conclude that
Page 75 and 76: causes higher currents and by conse
Page 77 and 78: 2005 Luminaires TOTAL %EU25 Capita
Page 79 and 80: As will be explained in chapter 3 o
Page 81 and 82: 2.3 Market trends 2.3.1 General tre
Page 83 and 84: manufacturers have dominated the in
Page 85 and 86: 2.4 Consumer expenditure data 2.4.1
Page 87: Public street lighting is mainly op
Page 91 and 92: Table 22: Relationship between phot
Page 93 and 94: 4. Dimming to compensate for Lamp L
Page 95 and 96: can overcome this problem. This pow
Page 97 and 98: generation of gas discharge lamps i
Page 99 and 100: clear that light point locations ca
Page 101 and 102: with, Lav = QO x Eavg Table 28: Ave
Page 103 and 104: times the height. In category S, th
Page 105 and 106: ageing of the overall population wi
Page 107 and 108: 4 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS EXISTING PRODU
Page 109 and 110: lamps. It is unlikely that this wil
Page 111 and 112: Table 34: Input data for the manufa
Page 113 and 114: Table 37: Input data for the materi
Page 115 and 116: The general remarks about this inpu
Page 121 and 122: With regard to the different parts
Page 129 and 130: are not directly related to a speci
Page 131 and 132: 4.2 Distribution phase The environm
Page 133 and 134: distance between light points is be
Page 135 and 136: Until now, existing scientific evid
Page 137 and 138: The energy efficiency in the use-ph
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Table 66: Category S (slow traffic)
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The real power consumption (Preal)
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Figure 24: A high amount of light i
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LPDireal [W/(lx.m²)] = P / LPDi /
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5 DEFINITION OF THE BASE CASE AND E
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This results in the following EuP E
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5.1 BaseCase Lamps and ballasts 5.1
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Category S In road category S (slow
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Table 76: Life Cycle Impact per Bas
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Table 78: Life Cycle Impact per Bas
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the higher weight of the control ge
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Table 80: Aggregated Production, Di
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5.3 BaseCase Sales The results in t
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5.3.2 Environmental Impact On www.e
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Table 84: Life Cycle Impact, Base C
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5.3.3 BaseCase Life Cycle Costs The
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Table 93: EU Total Impact of NEW Lu
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Discussion of results Again, EU25 t
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5.4.2 Environmental Impact Table 96
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Table 100: Life Cycle Impact, Base
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Table 102: Impacts sales versus sto
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6 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS BAT AND BNAT S
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6.1.3 Luminaires with improved util
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there is an increased reflection on
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MH lamps can have a quite short lam
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Table 105: LSF for various lamp typ
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The energy saving advantages of dim
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6.2 State of the art of best existi
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6.3.3 WLEDs lamps Figure 37: Typica
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7 IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL 7.1 Introdu
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Option 1 (stock base): HPS retrofit
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• This option is only technically
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7.2.4 Table with EuP EcoReports for
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LCC in €/1000f-lm 300 250 200 150
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cost indicator (LCC) low high cost
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comfort of outdoor lighting, the fi
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8 SCENARIO-, POLICY-, IMPACT- AND S
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• For lamps with Ra < 80 power ba
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Burning hours LLMF 16000h >0.90 Bur
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Proposed timing: ASAP because these
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8.1.1.12 Specific ecodesign require
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Table 107: Aggregated results, Busi
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Table 111: Annual lamp sales, per c
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EU25 electricity consumption, altho
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Table 116: Aggregated results, Scen
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€ increase. The increase between
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500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100
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40.000 35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000
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Table 126: LCC of luminaire sales i
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45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000
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anking is from uncertainty in purch
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Uncertainty regarding assumed watta
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Table 131: Forecast of installed ba
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Table 133: Aggregated results, Busi
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taking into account pole removal an
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Recommendation 3: It is also recomm
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8.2 Impact analysis industry and co
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existing installations could even i
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9 REFERENCES AFE (2002) Recommandat
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CIE 135-1999: CIE Collection in vis
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Eurostat (2006). Road lengths of di
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10 ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS Abbre
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IESNA ILCOS IP (rating) IRF ISO L L
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ANNEX A: PRODCOM CATEGORIES OF LIGH
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ANNEX B: EUROPROMS RESULTS FOR LAMP
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Year Region Table 141: Mercury vapo
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ANNEX C: OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, TR
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ANNEX D: EUROPROMS RESULTS FOR BALL
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Table 148: Parts (excluding of glas
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ANNEX E: OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, TR
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ANNEX F: EUROPROMS RESULTS FOR LUMI
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ANNEX G: OVERVIEW OF LAMP AND BALLA
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Millions of ballasts 600 500 400 30
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ANNEX H: EXPERT-INQUIRY Preparatory
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You can already register for Office
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Road types In our study, we disting
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General street lighting data - Inst
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6. Can you give us an estimation ab
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Standardization of public lighting
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Roads lit and control 15. What perc
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Road infrastructure 19. Can you giv
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Street lighting: Maintenance 22. Is
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Lamp type NaLP-TC (Low pressure sod
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lamp type wattage past present futu
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luminaire type default 1990 adapted
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ANNEX I: RESPONSE TO “EXPERT-INQU
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ANNEX J: EU-25 LAMP SALES Table 156
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ANNEX K: APPARENT CONSUMPTION VERSU
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Table 160: Apparent consumption of
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ANNEX L: CELMA MARKET ESTIMATIONS T
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ANNEX M: INSTALLED BASE OF STREET L
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ANNEX N: EUROPEAN ROAD NETWORK: 199
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Table 164: Length of European provi
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Table 166: Input data regarding roa
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ANNEX O: EU ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PRO
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Economic growth is not uniformly di
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ANNEX P: STAKEHOLDERS’ LIST First
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FOTISTIKI SA Pakis Sotiropoulos Gre
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Large control street office Philips
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