Final Report Lot 9: Public street lighting - Amper

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3.3 Local infra-structure and facilities 3.3.1 'Lock-in effect' for new products due to limitations imposed by existing infrastructure or equipment Previous investments in infrastructure (lamp poles, grids) can obviously lead to 'lock in' effects. Usually, pole distances can not be changed without substantial infrastructural changes and related costs. By the consequence the maximum obtainable energy savings can not always be realized without additional investments. Figure 18: Street lighting luminaire attached to cables(left) and to electricity distribution (right). Figure 19: Street lighting luminaires attached to poles(left) and to a house (right) Examples: • Luminaires can be attached to poles for electricity distribution, to poles for public lighting only, to houses or on cables above a street (see Figure 18 and Figure 19). It is 98
clear that light point locations cannot be changed without great infrastructural changes and related costs. Therefore in re-lighting projects (with more efficient luminaires and/or more efficient lamps) the pole distance usually can not be changed. If the new installation supplies a useful luminous flux that is higher than necessary, the maximum energy savings will not be reached. • Public lighting can be connected together with the residential electrical distribution grid or have a separate grid. A separate grid is sometimes required for telemanagement systems. • Lamps are only sold in a defined and limited power series (e.g. 50-70-100-150 Watt). This implies that in real circumstances an overpowering can occur to meet the minimum required light levels. Fine tuning of the maximum lamp power set point by using lamp power dimmable ballasts or installing line voltage regulators can adjust the light output to the required levels. • The HID lamp power is regulated by the integrated ballast in the luminaire. This means that when replacing a lamp with a more efficient one, there is no energy saving but only more light output from the lamp. The only solution for this is again fine tuning of the maximum lamp power set point with dimmable ballasts or installing line voltage regulators. 3.3.2 Lack of interest by authorities Public street lighting has to provide good visibility to users of outdoor public traffic areas (the consumers?) during the hours of darkness to support traffic safety, traffic flow and public security. On the other hand, the public authorities are responsible for procurement and management of public lighting installations. If the public lighting installations provide the required visibility, investments in energy saving projects that do not give quick earnings are not a priority. Examples: • There exist many compromising motivating factors that can prevail at the design stage of public lighting installations: budget and planning for investments in new street lighting (infrastructure), pay back period for new investments, risk for quality complaints for new technology, general resistance to change, etc… • A new trend called 'city beautification' can be identified. The main objective is to make city centres more attractive and install decorative street lighting luminaires with designs that fit with historical buildings or the city character. The most important parameter here is the aesthetic one and might compromise eco-design of street luminaires. In many cases design architects are dominating projects and it will be important that these people are aware of environmental impact (see also limitation in 3.3.4) and advantages of new eco-designed products. 3.3.3 Limitations imposed by local light colour preferences It is possible that the local population, or the local authority purchasing the equipment, has preference for a certain light colour blend (gold, cold white, yellow, ..) that fits most there 99
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Free dissemination (Contract TREN/D
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 EXECUTIVE SUMMA
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6.1.7 Intelligent electronic dimmab
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Simplified
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Table 68: Category S (slow traffic)
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Table 144: Overview of ‘Mercury v
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Typical s
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Figure 69: Value of lamp production
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even the luminaire in its entirety
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1 PRODUCT DEFINITION The goal of th
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Figure 3: Typical street lighting l
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• Products such as private outdoo
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Figure 8: Example of Fast Traffic (
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“The maintained useful luminous f
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The two following characters indica
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parameters influencing the deprecia
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sum of the individual luminous flux
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This part of the European Standard
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(compact) lamps with power equal to
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Specifies the lamp dimensions, elec
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Specifies the safety requirements f
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Exceptions for lamps: this directiv
Page 47 and 48: Catalonia 2001: 'LLEI 6/2001, de 31
Page 49 and 50: Table 3: Mandatory Label for Ballas
Page 51 and 52: Table 7: Voluntary Label for Ballas
Page 53 and 54: 2 MARKET AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS The
Page 55 and 56: Millions of lamps 45,0 40,0 35,0 30
Page 57 and 58: parts no information on production
Page 59 and 60: Table 149 and Table 150 in ANNEX E
Page 61 and 62: Table 10: Overview of lamp and ball
Page 63 and 64: 2.2 Market and stock data To overco
Page 65 and 66: An introduction message explained t
Page 67 and 68: Table 156 and Figure 14 indicate th
Page 69 and 70: pronounced, i.e. the apparent consu
Page 71 and 72: Road category Road length in 2004 S
Page 73 and 74: For luminaires we can conclude that
Page 75 and 76: causes higher currents and by conse
Page 77 and 78: 2005 Luminaires TOTAL %EU25 Capita
Page 79 and 80: As will be explained in chapter 3 o
Page 81 and 82: 2.3 Market trends 2.3.1 General tre
Page 83 and 84: manufacturers have dominated the in
Page 85 and 86: 2.4 Consumer expenditure data 2.4.1
Page 87 and 88: Public street lighting is mainly op
Page 89 and 90: 3 CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR AND LOCAL INFR
Page 91 and 92: Table 22: Relationship between phot
Page 93 and 94: 4. Dimming to compensate for Lamp L
Page 95 and 96: can overcome this problem. This pow
Page 97: generation of gas discharge lamps i
Page 101 and 102: with, Lav = QO x Eavg Table 28: Ave
Page 103 and 104: times the height. In category S, th
Page 105 and 106: ageing of the overall population wi
Page 107 and 108: 4 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS EXISTING PRODU
Page 109 and 110: lamps. It is unlikely that this wil
Page 111 and 112: Table 34: Input data for the manufa
Page 113 and 114: Table 37: Input data for the materi
Page 115 and 116: The general remarks about this inpu
Page 121 and 122: With regard to the different parts
Page 129 and 130: are not directly related to a speci
Page 131 and 132: 4.2 Distribution phase The environm
Page 133 and 134: distance between light points is be
Page 135 and 136: Until now, existing scientific evid
Page 137 and 138: The energy efficiency in the use-ph
Page 139 and 140: Table 66: Category S (slow traffic)
Page 141 and 142: The real power consumption (Preal)
Page 143 and 144: Figure 24: A high amount of light i
Page 145 and 146: LPDireal [W/(lx.m²)] = P / LPDi /
Page 147 and 148: 5 DEFINITION OF THE BASE CASE AND E
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This results in the following EuP E
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5.1 BaseCase Lamps and ballasts 5.1
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Category S In road category S (slow
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Table 76: Life Cycle Impact per Bas
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Table 78: Life Cycle Impact per Bas
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the higher weight of the control ge
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Table 80: Aggregated Production, Di
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5.3 BaseCase Sales The results in t
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5.3.2 Environmental Impact On www.e
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Table 84: Life Cycle Impact, Base C
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5.3.3 BaseCase Life Cycle Costs The
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Table 93: EU Total Impact of NEW Lu
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Discussion of results Again, EU25 t
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5.4.2 Environmental Impact Table 96
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Table 100: Life Cycle Impact, Base
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Table 102: Impacts sales versus sto
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6 TECHNICAL ANALYSIS BAT AND BNAT S
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6.1.3 Luminaires with improved util
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there is an increased reflection on
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MH lamps can have a quite short lam
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Table 105: LSF for various lamp typ
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The energy saving advantages of dim
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6.2 State of the art of best existi
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6.3.3 WLEDs lamps Figure 37: Typica
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7 IMPROVEMENT POTENTIAL 7.1 Introdu
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Option 1 (stock base): HPS retrofit
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• This option is only technically
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7.2.4 Table with EuP EcoReports for
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LCC in €/1000f-lm 300 250 200 150
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cost indicator (LCC) low high cost
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comfort of outdoor lighting, the fi
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8 SCENARIO-, POLICY-, IMPACT- AND S
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• For lamps with Ra < 80 power ba
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Burning hours LLMF 16000h >0.90 Bur
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Proposed timing: ASAP because these
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8.1.1.12 Specific ecodesign require
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Table 107: Aggregated results, Busi
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Table 111: Annual lamp sales, per c
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EU25 electricity consumption, altho
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Table 116: Aggregated results, Scen
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€ increase. The increase between
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500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100
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40.000 35.000 30.000 25.000 20.000
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Table 126: LCC of luminaire sales i
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45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000
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anking is from uncertainty in purch
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Uncertainty regarding assumed watta
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Table 131: Forecast of installed ba
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Table 133: Aggregated results, Busi
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taking into account pole removal an
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Recommendation 3: It is also recomm
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8.2 Impact analysis industry and co
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existing installations could even i
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9 REFERENCES AFE (2002) Recommandat
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CIE 135-1999: CIE Collection in vis
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Eurostat (2006). Road lengths of di
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10 ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS Abbre
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IESNA ILCOS IP (rating) IRF ISO L L
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ANNEX A: PRODCOM CATEGORIES OF LIGH
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ANNEX B: EUROPROMS RESULTS FOR LAMP
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Year Region Table 141: Mercury vapo
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ANNEX C: OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, TR
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ANNEX D: EUROPROMS RESULTS FOR BALL
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Table 148: Parts (excluding of glas
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ANNEX E: OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION, TR
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ANNEX F: EUROPROMS RESULTS FOR LUMI
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ANNEX G: OVERVIEW OF LAMP AND BALLA
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Millions of ballasts 600 500 400 30
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ANNEX H: EXPERT-INQUIRY Preparatory
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You can already register for Office
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Road types In our study, we disting
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General street lighting data - Inst
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6. Can you give us an estimation ab
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Standardization of public lighting
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Roads lit and control 15. What perc
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Road infrastructure 19. Can you giv
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Street lighting: Maintenance 22. Is
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Lamp type NaLP-TC (Low pressure sod
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lamp type wattage past present futu
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luminaire type default 1990 adapted
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ANNEX I: RESPONSE TO “EXPERT-INQU
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ANNEX J: EU-25 LAMP SALES Table 156
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ANNEX K: APPARENT CONSUMPTION VERSU
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Table 160: Apparent consumption of
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ANNEX L: CELMA MARKET ESTIMATIONS T
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ANNEX M: INSTALLED BASE OF STREET L
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ANNEX N: EUROPEAN ROAD NETWORK: 199
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Table 164: Length of European provi
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Table 166: Input data regarding roa
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ANNEX O: EU ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE PRO
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Economic growth is not uniformly di
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ANNEX P: STAKEHOLDERS’ LIST First
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FOTISTIKI SA Pakis Sotiropoulos Gre
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Large control street office Philips
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Final Report Lot 9: Public street lighting - Amper

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