Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 was the least under low phosphorus conditions. Among the early maturing lines, IT03K-351-1 formed the largest nodular tissue under low phosphorus conditions and depended least on higher soil available phosphorus for nodule formation and development. In the other genotypes however, nodulation was relatively low under low phosphorus conditions but the increase in nodule mass development in response to the high soil available phosphorus ranged from 83 to 515%. Genotypic differences in phosphorus utilization under both low and high phosphorus conditions were not extensive (P ≤ 0.05) even though IT00K-1263 appeared to have performed better under low phosphorus conditions than most genotypes within the early maturity group. Screening of germplasm lines for drought tolerance Over 1,200 cowpea accessions among the germplasm maintained at IITA were randomly selected and screened for drought tolerance in the field. The screening was carried out during the dry season. Drought stress was imposed by withdrawing irrigation at five weeks after sowing while none stressed plots were irrigated until plants matured. Data were collected on number of days to flower, extent of wilting, and number of days to maturity as well as mean seed weight and total seed weight per plant (see Figures 5-6 and 5-7). Most plants flowered and matured earlier when drought stressed. Drought stressed plants also produced lower grain yield per plant. Many of the germplasm lines remained green even at seven weeks of no irrigation. However, a few of these plants did not flower and therefore produced no seeds but remained green and stunted. About 190 accessions with enhanced drought tolerance were identified from this screening activity. These selected lines were further evaluated in pots placed in the screen house. Drought was imposed on the potted plants from three weeks after sowing and those that survived for more than four weeks thereafter were regarded as being most drought tolerant. Some of these lines were selected and used in making crosses among them and between them and some farmer-preferred varieties. Frequency 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Non stressed Stressed Frequency 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Non Stressed Stressed 36.9-45.8 45.9-54.8 54.9-63.8 63.9-72.8 72.9-81.8 No of days 0 0.32-10.31 10.32-20.31 20.32-30.31 30.32-40.31 40.32-50.31 50.32-60.31 weight Figure 5-6: Number of days to flowering Figure 5-7: Seed weight (g) per plant Making crosses and developing segregating populations The best of the germplasm lines in terms of enhanced drought tolerance were crossed to one another and also to improved breeding lines that farmers had selected during PVS. There were over 200 cross combinations comprising single crosses, three way crosses and double crosses. These have been advanced to F8, F7, F6 and F5 generations, depending on when the crosses were made. Additional crosses have been made using lines obtained from our collaborating NARS breeders’ nurseries. Selection will be made from these segregating populations for plants with superior drought tolerance and also possessing traits desired by farmers and consumers. 100 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Number of crosses made and advanced Single crosses = 38 Three way crosses = 83 Double cross = 85 Crosses with lines from IER and INRAN = 17 (In F3 and F4 generations) Screening for resistance to aphids The cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora) is a major pest of cowpea, especially at the seedling stage and particularly when there is drought. A combination of aphid attack and drought could have very devastating effects on cowpea seedlings in the field. Many of the varieties that were developed with resistance to this pest now succumb to it. We have screened a number of cowpea germplasm lines but found very low levels of resistance among them. Wild cowpea relatives were also screened for resistance to this pest and about three of them that are cross compatible with cowpea were detected with moderate to good levels of resistance to aphid (Figure 5-8). Efforts are on to introgress the resistance genes into some FPVs. Figure 5-8: Reactions of some cultivated and wild cowpea seedlings to aphid infestation Seedlings of the cultivated cowpea lines have collapsed following aphid damage while those of some of the wild cowpea relatives did not show evidence of aphid damage. Validation of molecular markers Cowpea SNP Marker Validation: As part of the collaboration between TL I and TL II some molecular markers found to be associated with desirable traits in cowpea at UC Riverside were validated at the IITA facility, at BECA in Nairobi. Allele-specific primers were designed to capture SNPs linked to important traits like SUR, Striga, Macrophomina/*CPMVnewb, Macrophomina, Gy-1, Gs-4, Gs-2, Flow-5, Flow- 1/2, Drought, DLS-5/6, DLS-4,DLS-3, DLS-1/2, CoBB-3, CoBB-2/DLS-4, CoBB-2, CoBB-1/CPMVnewb, CoBB-1, Dehydrin, CPSMV and CPMVnewb. The SNPs were mined from the HarvEST:Cowpea v1.18 software which is a principally EST database. In order to design AS-PCR primer of extra 3’ mismatch, WebSNAPER (http://ausubellab.mgh.harvard.edu/) was used. Primers without extra 3’ mismatch were designed by use of DNASTAR Lagergene Software (www.dnastar.com/). PCR was performed using AccuPower® PCR PreMix (www.bioneer.com). Total of 10 SNPs appeared as reliable plus/minus scoring on agarose gel of the PCR products (Table 5- 11). These are the SNPs, converted to the agarose gel assay format and utilized to test 32 samples from a cowpea breeding population at IITA. Progress of Phase 1 101
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Seed production and delivery system
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: Area Global trends in area under co
Page 94 and 95: Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
Page 96 and 97: much greater deficits. Under this s
Page 98 and 99: and other inputs. • Popular varie
Page 100 and 101: Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
Page 102 and 103: dry savanna regions, where the bulk
Page 104 and 105: Number of demonstration plots in ea
Page 106 and 107: Mozambique Many farmers have shown
Page 108 and 109: Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
Page 112 and 113: Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
Page 114 and 115: Strengthening capacity of national
Page 116 and 117: Infrastructure development at NARS
Page 118 and 119: in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, an
Page 120 and 121: produced over the first phase of th
Page 122 and 123: Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: 16, and the advantage of some ALB l
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Supply of important traits by the i
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and marketing organization in Malaw
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Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
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Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
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At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
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Number of NARS scientists trained T
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Improved access to markets Improved
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Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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