Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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farmers for enhancing their awareness about improved varieties. Various awareness activities created high demand of seed for farmer-preferred varieties. The public seed corporations (NSC, SFCI, APSSDC and KSSC) joined hands with research partners and produced 70,607 MT Certified Seed and 3,924 MT Foundation Seed. JG 11 was the most popular variety with 85% share in Certified Seed. Under capacity building, training on various aspects of improved crop and seed production technologies of chickpea was provided to 12,000 (10,842 men + 1,158 women) farmers and 1,411 extension personnel (1,229 men + 182 women). A total of 48 field days and 10 farmer’s fairs were organized in which about 27,000 farmers (24,290 men + 2,697 women) participated. Efforts were made to reach large number of farmers through electronic and print media to disseminate information on improved varieties and crop production technologies. Efforts were also made to enhance capacity of NARS in chickpea improvement and seed production. Two one-month training courses on “Chickpea Breeding and Seed Production” were organized at ICRISAT-Patancheru in which 12 researchers (9 men + 3 women) from the NARS of Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya participated. The infrastructure facilities for seed production, processing and storage were strengthened at research stations. One PhD student from India and one MSc student each from Kenya and Ethiopia completed part of their theses research on chickpea at ICRISAT-Patancheru. Introduction Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) also called Bengal gram or Garbanzo, is the largest produced food legume in South Asia and the third largest produced food legume globally, after common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and field pea (PisumsativumL.). Chickpea is grown in more than 50 countries (90% area in Asia, 4.7% in Africa, 3.1% in Oceania, 1.6% in the Americas and 0.5% in Europe), but developing countries account for over 95% of its production (FAO, 2011). Over 75% of the chickpea production comes from South Asia, where India is the largest chickpea producing country accounting for 67% of the global chickpea production. The other major chickpea producing countries include Pakistan, Turkey, Australia, Myanmar, Ethiopia, Iran, Mexico and Canada. During the triennium 2007-2009, the global chickpea area was about 11.3 million ha with a production of 9.6 million MT and average yield of approximately 849 kg per ha. Chickpea is an important source of protein for millions of people in the developing countries, particularly in South Asia, who are largely vegetarian either by choice or because of economic reasons. In addition to having high protein content (20-22%), chickpea is rich in fiber, minerals (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) and β-carotene. Its lipid fraction is high in unsaturated fatty acids. There are two types of chickpea – desi (dark-colored seed coat) and kabuli (white- or cream-colored seed coat). Chickpea is used in various ways, such as raw in salads, cooked in stews (from split seeds called “dal” in SA), ground into flour called “besan”, fried or roasted for snacks, and eaten as a paste such as hummus in the Middle East. Splits and flours are invariably made from desi type. Chickpea haulms are used for animal feed and are more nutritious than cereal fodder. Chickpea plays a significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen. Chickpea meets 80% of its nitrogen (N) requirement from symbiotic nitrogen fixation and can fix up to 140 kg N per ha from air. It leaves substantial amount of residual N for subsequent crops and adds plenty of organic matter to maintain and improve soil health and fertility. Because of its deep tap root system, chickpea can avoid drought conditions by extracting water from deeper layers in the soil profile. Increasing preference for vegetable protein and interest in consumption of chickpea has increased its global demand. Chickpea is imported by over 130 countries. Awareness of benefits of chickpea in crop diversification and sustainable agriculture has increased interest of farmers in growing the crop. Chickpea contributes to over 40% of India’s total pulse production and is the most important pulse crop of the country. Despite being the largest global producer of chickpea, India needs to import chickpea 156 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
to meet domestic demand which is higher than the domestic production. On an average, India spent about Rs 440 crores (US$ 97.5 millions) per year on chickpea imports during 2005 to 2008 (FAO, 2011). During the past four decades, there has been a major shift in chickpea area from the cooler, longseason environments in northern India to warmer, short-season environments in southern India. This is mainly due to expansion of irrigated agriculture in northern India leading to replacement of chickpea with wheat and other cash crops. During 1964-65 to 2008-09, the chickpea area in northern India (Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states) declined by 4.4 million ha (from 5.14 to 0.73 million ha), while increased in central and southern India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka) by 3.5 million ha (from 2.05 to 5.56 million ha). This major shift in chickpea area has implications on chickpea breeding objectives in India. Drought and heat stresses at reproductive stage are the major abiotic stresses, while Fusarium wilt, Helicoverpa pod borer, Ascochyta blight and dry root rot are the major biotic stresses to chickpea production in both South Asia and Eastern and Southern Africa (ESA). Though a wide range of improved chickpea varieties are now available, many farmers still continue to grow old varieties and landraces. The farmers are either not aware of improved varieties or do not have access to seed of improved varieties. Thus, the achievements of chickpea improvement research have not fully translated into increased productivity at the farm level. The productivity of chickpea can be substantially enhanced by adoption of improved varieties and associated improved production technologies. There is also scope for enhancing area in the countries of ESA. Intended targets to be achieved and major activities The project aims to increase productivity and production of chickpea and the income of poor farmers in target regions by 20%, with improved varieties occupying 30% of the total area by the end of the project year (2017). The major activities in different objectives are as follows: Objective 1: • Development of standardized baseline and market survey instruments and methods; • Baseline and market survey data collection; • Compilation and analysis of secondary data for regional situation and outlook reports; • Development of standardized survey form on end-users preferences for breeders to use in PVS implementation in crop objectives; • Early adoption studies; and • Coordination and capacity building for NARS partners including regional partners’ workshops and training. Objective 5 • Identify and enhance adoption of farme- and market-preferred chickpea varieties in water-limited areas; • Develop improved chickpea germplasm with enhanced tolerance to drought, resistance to Fusarium wilt and market-preferred seed traits; • Enhance capacity of NARS in chickpea improvement research and development and provide training to farmers in improved chickpea production technology. Objective 8.5 • Improving the availability of Foundation Seed by NARS and other public sector as well as private sector; • Designing and testing alternative seed production arrangements (tailored to various clients); Progress of Phase 1 157
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Seed production and delivery system
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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Area Global trends in area under co
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Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
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much greater deficits. Under this s
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and other inputs. • Popular varie
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Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
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dry savanna regions, where the bulk
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Number of demonstration plots in ea
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Mozambique Many farmers have shown
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Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
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most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 w
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Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
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Strengthening capacity of national
Page 116 and 117: Infrastructure development at NARS
Page 118 and 119: in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, an
Page 120 and 121: produced over the first phase of th
Page 122 and 123: Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: 16, and the advantage of some ALB l
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 168 and 169: • Designing, testing and implemen
Page 170 and 171: Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
Page 172 and 173: Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
Page 174 and 175: Constraints in adoption of chickpea
Page 176 and 177: Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
Page 178 and 179: Identification of farmer-and-market
Page 180 and 181: Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
Page 182 and 183: Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Supply of important traits by the i
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and marketing organization in Malaw
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Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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232 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
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Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
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At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
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Number of NARS scientists trained T
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Improved access to markets Improved
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Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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252 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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