Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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Project background Groundnut is one of the largest oilseed crops in India. In 2007/08, it was grown in 6.29 million hectares with a total production of 9.18 million MT and it contributed 36% to the total oilseed production in the country. It is cultivated primarily in the semi-arid tropical regions of the country under rainfed conditions during the main rainy season (Jun/Jul – Oct/Nov); 80.2% of groundnut area is rainfed and the remaining 19.8% of area is irrigated mainly in the post-rainy season. It has large concentrations in the states of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Being a rain-fed crop, its yield is largely determined by the quantum and temporal distribution of rainfall. Although India is the second largest producer of groundnuts after China, the average groundnut yields, 1,459 kg per ha, in the country are far below the yields realized in many other countries such as USA, China, Argentina, Indonesia and Vietnam. These low yields are due to a number of biotic and abiotic constraints, including farmers’ lack of access to quality seed and other inputs and improved technologies and information, and frequent droughts and attacks by insect pests and diseases. There exists an enormous potential to improve the groundnut yields in the country through adoption of varietal technology by the farmers and quality seed supply. Project sites Tamil Nadu Groundnut constitutes 81% of the area and 91% of the production of total area under oilseeds in this state. It is grown in an area of 413,000 ha with production of 896,000 MT. The productivity of 2169 kg per ha is good even though it is predominantly grown as rainfed crop (62%) in the state. The groundnut area in the state was highest during 1992-93 with 1.188 million ha and it gradually declined to about 500,000 to 600,000 ha during the last 10 years. The reason for the decline in area is mainly due to the switch over to other more profitable crops like maize. The import of much cheaper oil like palm oil and the consequent price fluctuation is also another important reason for the decline in area. However, there is a potential to increase the area to 900,000 ha. Popular varieties cultivated in Tamil Nadu The varieties cultivated before the inception of project TL II include TMV 7, an old variety released in 1967 and preferred among the farmers for its taste. The other varieties include, VRI 2 and VRI 3, both are two decade old varieties, Co Gn 4 is released in 2001, and TMV Gn 13 released in 2006. Although TMV Gn 13 is the most recent release it is poor yielder. Strategies for improving groundnut production and productivity in Tamil Nadu 1. Quality seeds of improved varieties to be made available in time; 2. Promoting mechanised cultivation due to acute labour scarcity, for which suitable machinery needs to be introduced for cultivation and harvesting; 3. Adoption of integrated nutrient management practices, optimum use of NPK and micronutrients needs to be addressed; and 4. Adoption of integrated pest management practices. Karnataka The groundnut area in Karnataka has declined significantly from 1.18 million ha in 1998 to around 0.8 m ha in 2008. The productivity in the state is very low at 652 kg per ha compared to the national average of about 1459 kg ha per ha in 2008. It is interesting to note that the productivity levels in the state hover around 600-700 kg per ha since the 1970’s, which is cause of serious concern in this state warranting immediate interventions to increase the productivity of the crop to arrest further decline in groundnut area. In this state, about 42% of groundnut area is rainfed and contributes to 21% of production. 16 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Popular varieties cultivated in Karnataka Before the project initiation, the predominant variety was TMV-2; an obsolete variety released in 1940 and occupied 85% of groundnut area in the state. The productivity of TMV 2 was very low and hence farmers were not happy to grow groundnut as it is less remunerative and also there was no systematic supply of groundnut seed. In addition to TMV 2, the other varieties under cultivation included another old variety, JL 24 (released in 1985) and GPBD 4 (released in 2002), but are confined to a very limited area. Strategies for improving groundnut production and productivity in Karnataka 1. Introduction of new varieties in the farmers’ fields with concomitant large-scale replacement of the old variety, TMV-2; 2. Intensive training of farmers regarding improved cultivation aspects of groundnut; and 3. Adoption of integrated crop management to increase productivity, as the soils are poor with respect to their nutrient status. Achievements Participatory varietal selection Farmer-preferred varieties of groundnut were identified through farmers’ participatory varietal (PVS) trials. In PVS, the farmers in target districts of the two states were given a basket of 8 – 10 chosen improved varieties along with the check and they were allowed to select based on their performance and preferences. The varieties thus identified are given for paired comparisons along with locally preferred check to demonstrate the improvements gained through use of the farmer-preferred variety over local variety. Field days were conducted at the site of paired comparisons to create awareness among the farmers in the partner and nearby villages about the improved varieties selected through PVS. This resulted in adoption and fast spread of the new farmer-preferred varieties of groundnut in and around partner villages. Subsequently, the varieties were entered in state/national level multi-location testing for formal release. Tamil Nadu PVS trials were conducted in Namakkal, Erode and Thiruvannamalai districts of Tamil Nadu, where nine villages in each district were selected. Keeping in view the local requirements, seven Virginia bunch types were chosen for Namakkal district and eight Spanish bunch types for Erode and Thiruvannamalai districts. A total of 296 PVS trails were conducted in 2008 and together in 2009 and 2010 a total of 742 paired comparisons of identified variety along with local check were conducted in 38 villages across three districts. In Namakkal ICGV 87846 emerged as a preferred variety and recorded a 36-87% pod yield increase over the local check (Table 2-1). ICGV 00351 and TVG 004 were farmer-preferred varieties in Erode and Thiruvannamalai (Tables 2-2 and 2-3). Table 2-1: Performance of ICGV 87846 in on-farm trails in Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu Pod yield (kg per ha) Season Name of the trials No. of trials ICGV 87846 Local % Increase over local 2008 rainy PVS trials 90 1630 869 87.6 2009 rainy Paired comparisons 237 1019 646 57.7 2010 rainy Paired comparisons 198 1985 1457 36.2 Total / Mean 525 1536 991 54.9 Progress of Phase 1 17
Page 1 and 2: Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
Page 3: TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9: Seed production and delivery system
Page 10 and 11: NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
Page 12 and 13: TL II was implemented in 10 target
Page 14 and 15: country governments in agricultural
Page 16 and 17: Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
Page 18 and 19: Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21: As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23: Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25: Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 28 and 29: Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31: Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33: Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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Area Global trends in area under co
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Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
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much greater deficits. Under this s
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and other inputs. • Popular varie
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Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
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dry savanna regions, where the bulk
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Number of demonstration plots in ea
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Mozambique Many farmers have shown
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Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
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most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 w
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Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
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Strengthening capacity of national
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Infrastructure development at NARS
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in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, an
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produced over the first phase of th
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Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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16, and the advantage of some ALB l
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Supply of important traits by the i
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and marketing organization in Malaw
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Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Page 244 and 245:
Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
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Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
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At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
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Number of NARS scientists trained T
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Improved access to markets Improved
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Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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