Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was promoted. During 2010 rainy season, 10 kg of ICGV-91114 kernel which is sufficient for sowing in 0.25 acre was distributed to 330 farmers each in 33 villages of three major groundnut growing districts of southern Karnataka i.e., Tumkur, Chikballpur, Chitradurga. In Bagalkot district, the UAS-Dharwad partner has promoted a semi-informal seed, which has linkages with the formal seed system. This model has been popular and is implemented successfully for the past four years. In this model basic seed is supplied to the farmers by the university and farmers can offer for certification and enter formal seed chain or without certification but being monitored by university they can produce truthfully labeled seed. At Raichur also the system similar to that in UAS-Dharwad is under implementation since 2010 rainy season. Constraints and opportunities for legume seed systems TNAU has prepared a policy brief on “Groundnut seed plan” for the state of Tamil Nadu and has communicated to policy makers. The salient findings and recommendations are as follows: • In Tamil Nadu, the present seed replacement rate is around 3%; • Local traders are the major suppliers of seed; • Genetic purity and minimum germination standards are not assured; • The cost of seed is usually high due to transportation charges; • The supply of seed is restricted to old varieties; • In order to improve the formal seed system, a vibrant public sector needs to be involved; and • Organization/agency is necessary. There is a great opportunity to establish a dedicated autonomous state seed corporation or forming an independent seed producing agency as a wing of department of Agriculture Tamil Nadu State Seed Corporation has to be established similar to the corporations in other states of the country. Formal and informal seed sector linkages In two districts of Tamil Nadu - Erode and Thiruvannamalai - linkages were established between formal and informal sectors through seed village model where basic quality seed is supplied by the university. Similarly, in two districts of Karnataka - Bagalkot and Raichur - semi-formal seed systems were promoted and found to be a very successful model to meet the groundnut seed demand. Here also, the linkage 30 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
was facilitated by supply of quality seed to farmers; in addition, farmers can offer the seed production plots to state seed certification agencies and thus produce certified seed which will be lifted by state seed corporations or state department of agriculture for seed subsidy program. Alternatively, the farmers also have the choice of not offering the seed production plots for certification, thus produce truthfully labeled seed, which can be directly supplied to nearby farmers or through university. This model in Karnataka has been very successful. The basic seed (100 kg each) of ICGV 87846 was supplied to ABI, ICRISAT, KVK, Sandhiyur and RRS, Vridhachalam for further multiplication and distribution to farmers. Similarly 100 kg seed of ICGV 00351 was also supplied to ABI, ICRISAT during the 2010 rainy season. Transaction costs in seed marketing Tamil Nadu In Nammakal district, groundnut crop is grown in only one season so farmers save their own seed as a rule; hence the PDKV model to promote improved varieties has been adopted in this district. In Erode district, traders sell the locally purchased seed and fix the margin at 300-400 INR per 100 kg of kernels. In Thiruvannamalai district, where the seed material is brought from outside, transport charges of 700 INR for 100 kg of pods are added. In addition, commission charges of 200 INR as levied for 100 kg of pods, thus bringing the total to 800 INR as added cost. The cost of 100 kg pods ranges from 3500 to 4000 INR in the last three years, thus seed production at villages either through PDKV or seed village model will save at least 10% of seed cost in Tamil Nadu. Promotion and formal recognition of informal seed sector A policy document for the state of Tamil Nadu titled ‘Groundnut cultivation and existing seed systems” was prepared and made available to the authorities. In this document, emphasis was given to recognize the informal seed sector to meet the seed demand of this crop in particular. The semi-formal seed production system has been a successful model in the state of Karnataka to meet the seed demands of various crops, including groundnut. The same was given wide recognition at national seed program (NSP) thus encouraging the other states to follow this model of seed system. Currently many states in the country are implementing this model. Capacity building Farmers’ training A total of 4,267 farmers were trained during three years in the two states. In three districts of Tamil Nadu, a total of 2,711 farmers (including 998 women) were given training on various aspects of seed production, seed health and seed processing and storage. In Karnataka, a total of 1,556 farmers were trained on aspect of seed production and processing in 13 training programs organized over three years. UAS, -Bangalore has trained 1,356 farmers (including 221 women) while UAS-Raichur trained 200 farmers. Local seed traders and processors A total of 172 seed traders from both the states were trained in proper seed handling and storage. Seventy two seed traders in the three project districts of Tamil Nadu were trained in six training programs on aspects of seed handling, storage and processing. Ninety five seed traders were trained at a program organized at Chitradurga district of Karnataka. Progress of Phase 1 31
Page 1 and 2: Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
Page 3: TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9: Seed production and delivery system
Page 10 and 11: NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
Page 12 and 13: TL II was implemented in 10 target
Page 14 and 15: country governments in agricultural
Page 16 and 17: Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
Page 18 and 19: Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21: As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23: Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25: Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 26 and 27: Project background Groundnut is one
Page 28 and 29: Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31: Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33: Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 44 and 45: Background The yield of groundnut i
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91:
Testing seed marketing strategies A
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Area Global trends in area under co
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Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
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much greater deficits. Under this s
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and other inputs. • Popular varie
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Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
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dry savanna regions, where the bulk
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Number of demonstration plots in ea
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Mozambique Many farmers have shown
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Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
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most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 w
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Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
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Strengthening capacity of national
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Infrastructure development at NARS
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in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, an
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produced over the first phase of th
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Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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16, and the advantage of some ALB l
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Supply of important traits by the i
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and marketing organization in Malaw
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Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
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Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
Page 248 and 249:
Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
Page 250 and 251:
At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
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Number of NARS scientists trained T
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Improved access to markets Improved
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Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
Page 260 and 261:
Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
Page 262:
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Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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