Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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and marketing organization in Malawi and was formed in 2001 as a successor to the National Smallholder Seed Producer Association (NASSPA). All certified seed produced under ASSMAG is bulked and sold to NGOs (World Vision International-Malawi, Action Relief, Christian Health Association of Malawi, Catholic Development Commission of Malawi) that either distribute it for free or under a revolving credit scheme. The main soybean seed producing associations are Mzuzu, Bua, and Chigwa in Mzuzu, Kasungu, and Salima Agricultural Development Divisions (ADDs), respectively. In 2007, ASSMAG accounted for 95% of total certified soybean seed production in Malawi. On the other hand, SeedCo is a private seed company that is involved in production and distribution of soybean seed in Malawi—registered in 1999 and started operations in 2000. The company produces seed of two varieties (Soprano and Solitaire). These varieties were developed by SeedCo–Zimbabwe and released in Malawi in August 2003. SeedCo produced about 111 MT in 2005 and 300 MT in 2006—both through its out-growers. In 2006, SeedCo accounted for about 50% of total soybean seed production in Malawi. Figure 11-3: Soybean seed production in Malawi, 2000–2007 Soybean seed production in Malawi has exhibited significant fluctuation over the period 2000–2007 (Figure 11-3). Production increased from only 122 MT in 2000 to 767 MT in 2001, but then declined sharply to almost 50 MT in 2003. The sharp increase in seed production in 2001 was largely due largely to: (1) community-based seed production initiatives involving NASSPA with funding from foreign sources (e.g., European Union), and (2) seed production by Monsanto. Seed systems in Mozambique Soybean seed multiplication is solely undertaken by community-based associations that are members of IKURU. IKURU is a farmer-owned commercial entity that works with local out grower associations for cowpea and soybean in Nampula and Zambezia. It procures basic seed of cowpea—mainly IT- 18—from the Basic Seed Unit of IIAM (USEBA) and basic seed of soybean—mainly Santa Rosa and Storm—from seed companies in Zambia and distributes it to farmers through the affiliate associations. All the seed multiplied under this scheme is sold to IKURU after it has been thoroughly cleaned and treated with actellic dust. The seed is later sold to agro-dealers, government projects, and NGOs at a whole sale price while part of it is sold on the retail market through IKURU retail shops. In a situation where most of the farmers rely on their own farm-saved, recycled seed, lack of effective improved seed demand will continue to be a critical constraint to the development of the seed sector. There is no premium price for improved seed and hence seed subsidies may need to form part of the overall strategy to promote adoption of improved varieties. Seed credit or subsidies, coupled with greater popularization activities, is thus needed to create awareness and market demand for improved 224 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
seed. Apart from lack of economic access, many farmers also have neither the information nor the physical access to improved seed. Therefore, improved access to credit, extension, and information and market infrastructure would be a key component of an overall strategy aimed at enhancing farmer access to improved seed and other complementary inputs. Human capacity building Number of trained technicians and enumerators in West Africa Countries Enumerators Technicians Total Nigeria 60 6 66 Niger 20 2 22 Mali 20 2 22 Total 100 10 110 More than 40 enumerators in total or 20 enumerators per country were trained in baseline surveys methodology and questionnaires-seed systems analysis and early adoption of improved varieties. Major lessons learned The majors lessons learnt from the implementation of TL II –Objective 1 are: • Capacity building of scientists in socio-economic tools and methodologies needs to be strengthened; • Strengthening NARS partners in economic analysis, and related novel methodologies; • More focus on value chain approach which is well integrate both varieties/seeds; crop management; IPM; benefits and costs; and impacts ; • Strengthen the capital of knowledge and information for on-going countries and train actors from other countries on these experiences. Fast-Track Testing of Soybean Elite Lines PVS has been carried out in five project countries (Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Kenya and Tanzania) using available varieties and elite lines of soybean to fast track the release and availability of varieties with the shortest possible time. In Malawi PVS trials started in 2007/08 with three released varieties in the country. Of the three varieties, Ocepara-4 gave the highest grain and fodder yields (Table 11-3). In the second year, PVS trials were carried out using new lines from fast-tracking. Among the new test lines, TGx 1740-2F gave the highest on-farm yield of 1415 kg per ha across three districts of Malawi (Table 11-4). The widely grown check variety (Magoye) gave 733 kg per ha in the same trial. In the third year PVS trial, differences among genotypes were significant in all districts of Malawi (Table 11-5). On average, high on-farm yield was obtained from Dowa (2364 kg per ha) followed by Lilongwe (2216 kg per ha) and Dedza (1652 kg per ha). Similar to the previous year trial, TGx 1740-2F gave a consistently high grain yield in all districts. Across districts, TGx 1740-2F out-yielded the rest of the materials grown with an average yield of 2248 kg per ha. This yield figure across all districts is significantly higher than the check varieties Nasoko and Magoye. It surpassed Nasoko and Magoye by 15% and 38%, respectively. Farmers ranked the test genotypes for various crop growth and post-crop growth traits. For each trait scores of 1-10 were given, where 1= not liked and 10= most liked by farmers. Overall results showed that TGx 1740-2F had the highest scores in many growth traits like earliness, vigor, biomass, pod filling, pod health, seed size followed by Nasoko (Table 11-6). Progress of Phase 1 225
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Seed production and delivery system
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
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Table 4-2: Proportion of households
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Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
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Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
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The use of other inputs (credit, in
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A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
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Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
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Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
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99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
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Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
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A 10-day intensive training worksho
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Seed production of all classes A to
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Testing seed marketing strategies A
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Area Global trends in area under co
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Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
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much greater deficits. Under this s
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and other inputs. • Popular varie
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Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
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dry savanna regions, where the bulk
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Number of demonstration plots in ea
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Mozambique Many farmers have shown
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Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
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most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 w
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Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
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Strengthening capacity of national
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Infrastructure development at NARS
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in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, an
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produced over the first phase of th
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Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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16, and the advantage of some ALB l
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
Page 184 and 185: Table 7-15: Training of local seed
Page 186 and 187: • In addition to yield, maturity
Page 188 and 189: Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
Page 190 and 191: Chickpea seed access The first majo
Page 192 and 193: Grades and standards About 75% of t
Page 194 and 195: Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
Page 196 and 197: private sector lacks the incentive
Page 198 and 199: • LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
Page 200 and 201: • Establishing functional legume
Page 202 and 203: Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
Page 204 and 205: Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
Page 206 and 207: Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
Page 208 and 209: TL II focuses on farmer-participato
Page 210 and 211: Production of Breeder, Foundation,
Page 212 and 213: Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
Page 214 and 215: (Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
Page 216 and 217: Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
Page 218 and 219: Available technologies Although imp
Page 220 and 221: and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
Page 222 and 223: Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
Page 224 and 225: Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
Page 226 and 227: Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
Page 228 and 229: Adoption studies Adoption studies f
Page 230 and 231: 3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
Page 232 and 233: Supply of important traits by the i
Page 236 and 237: Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
Page 238 and 239: Table 11-9: Communities and famers
Page 240 and 241: Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Page 244 and 245: Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
Page 246 and 247: Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
Page 248 and 249: Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
Page 250 and 251: At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
Page 252 and 253: Number of NARS scientists trained T
Page 254 and 255: Improved access to markets Improved
Page 256 and 257: Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
Page 258 and 259: utilization and marketing. In Niger
Page 260 and 261: Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
Page 262: 252 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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