Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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Background The yield of groundnut in the region is limited by four major constraints. The first is the low yielding potential of currently available varieties. In Malawi, for example, the local variety Chalimbana takes six months to reach maturity and even under good agronomic practices it will not give more than 800 kg per ha compared to 1700- 2500 kg per ha possible from elite varieties. The situation is similar in Mozambique where the local variety Bebiano Blanco and in Tanzania where Red Mwitunde are the popular farmer varieties in large parts of the country. Biotic stresses are the other major constraint to farmers achieving maximum yields. Rosette, ELS, aflatoxin, and rust are the major diseases contributing to groundnut yield losses in the region. In seasons of rosette epidemic, the entire crop can be lost to the disease though in the majority of years approximately 30% average yield loss from all diseases combined is common. It has been estimated that in Malawi alone, approximately $12 million is lost annually from the combined effect of ELS and rosette. Finally, drought due to the erratic nature of rainfall in the groundnut production agro-ecological zones in the three target countries is a major abiotic threat. We have production areas that can accommodate three, four, and five months of growing season and varieties are targeted to these different agro-ecologies. Socio-Economics/Targeting Groundnut production trends in the three target countries Groundnut production in the three countries presents an upward trend. For Malawi data from 1982/83 reveal an area growth from about 155,539 ha to 266,503 in 2006/07. This was accompanied by a production growth from 57,282 metric tons to 267,077. There was also a significant growth in production per unit area from an average yield of 368 kg per ha to 1002 kg per ha (Table 3-1). This came at a time of heightened groundnut improvement program for Eastern and Southern Africa based at the Chitedze Research Station in Malawi. Achieved grain yields across districts and agroecologies in different parts of the country clearly demonstrated the need for targeting varieties to their appropriate zones of adaptation. Whereas better endowed agro-ecologies like the Central plateau (comprising Mchinji, Dowa, Dedza, Lilongwe) and the high altitude areas of Rumphi, Shire Highlands, and Phalombe managed above 1 MT per ha on farmers fields and could utilize full season varieties like CG7, and Nsinjiro to maximize production we realized the need for early maturing or short duration varieties for the low altitude short season agro-ecologies normally found in Chitipa, Karonga, lower Thyolo, Mangochi, Machinga, Balaka, Neno, Chikwawa and Nsanje (Table 3-2 less than 0.75 MT per ha). 34 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
Table 3-1: Groundnut trends in Malawi Year Area (1000 Ha) Yield (Kg per Ha) Production (1000 MT) 1982-83 156 368 57 1983-84 143 359 51 1984-85 136 457 62 1985-86 174 495 86 1986-87 208 419 87 1987-88 174 411 72 1988-89 140 249 35 1989-90 48 386 19 1990-91 69 439 30 1991-92 64 175 11 1992-93 60 523 31 1993-94 72 608 44 1994-95 86 335 29 1995-96 72 565 40 1996-97 86 667 57 1997-98 141 705 99 1998-99 171 725 124 1999-00 169 685 116 2000-01 181 814 148 2001-02 184 816 150 2002-03 221 871 192 2003-04 209 739 155 2004-05 234 572 134 2005-06 231 822 190 2006-07 267 1,002 267 Source: Computed from Malawi National Statistics Office (NSO), 2008 Progress of Phase 1 35
Page 1 and 2: Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
Page 3: TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
Page 6 and 7: Seed Production and Delivery System
Page 8 and 9: Seed production and delivery system
Page 10 and 11: NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
Page 12 and 13: TL II was implemented in 10 target
Page 14 and 15: country governments in agricultural
Page 16 and 17: Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
Page 18 and 19: Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
Page 20 and 21: As stated earlier in this chapter,
Page 22 and 23: Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
Page 24 and 25: Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
Page 26 and 27: Project background Groundnut is one
Page 28 and 29: Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
Page 30 and 31: Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
Page 32 and 33: Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
Page 34 and 35: Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
Page 36 and 37: Infrastructure facilities For effic
Page 38 and 39: Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
Page 40 and 41: In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
Page 42 and 43: Training course A total of four tra
Page 46 and 47: Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
Page 48 and 49: In order of importance, the largest
Page 50 and 51: Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
Page 52 and 53: Finally, the variety choices are co
Page 54 and 55: hybridization techniques, design of
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
Page 58 and 59: Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
Page 60 and 61: Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
Page 62 and 63: Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
Page 64 and 65: 54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
Page 66 and 67: The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: Area Global trends in area under co
Page 94 and 95:
Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
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much greater deficits. Under this s
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and other inputs. • Popular varie
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Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
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dry savanna regions, where the bulk
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Number of demonstration plots in ea
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Mozambique Many farmers have shown
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Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
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most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 w
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Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
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Strengthening capacity of national
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Infrastructure development at NARS
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in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, an
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produced over the first phase of th
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Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
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Phase I Social Sciences research in
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The consequences are that the impro
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about half of area share of land al
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Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
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single lingering bottleneck on whic
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In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
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Summary, process gains and people r
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Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
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Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
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Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
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Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
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While the fast track entries were r
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Technology generation Mechanistic s
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60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
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16, and the advantage of some ALB l
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Number of degree training students
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Number of NARS technicians trained
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Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
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Impact assessment and enhancement P
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Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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154 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Supply of important traits by the i
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and marketing organization in Malaw
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Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
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Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
Page 248 and 249:
Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
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At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
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Number of NARS scientists trained T
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Improved access to markets Improved
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Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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