Final version of Tropical Legumes II Project Report for Phase 1 - icrisat

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in Mali, 107.3 MT in Mozambique, and 2.3 MT in Tanzania. To popularize improved varieties through on-farm demonstrations, 796 lead farmers appointed by their groups were supported in Nigeria. The number of farmers that benefited in Niger, Mali and Mozambique was 339, 265 and 1775, respectively. In Nigeria, the average grain yield across locations of improved varieties was 1458 kg per ha compared to the local variety that was 863 kg per ha, representing about 69% yield increase over the local variety. Improved market linkages have encouraged seed producers to improve and increase seed production to supply a growing market. Market development for cowpea resulted in increased production and sales of cowpeas, making significant contributions to improving livelihood and poverty reduction. Over 188 MT of seed was sold by seed producers in Nigeria, 31.5 MT in Mali, and 93.7 MT sold in Niger, within the first phase of the project. This market is now established paying good prices, a situation likely to be sustained. Awareness creation was conducted through field days, demonstrations and mid-season farmer evaluation of improved varieties. A significant number of farmers, agro-dealers, extension staff, and policy makers have been exposed to TL II improved technologies. Over 12,000 farmers have been reached with small pack seed dissemination over the last 3 years to further popularize the improved cowpea varieties. The project, having recognized the significance of capacity building of its partners to achieve its objectives, organized and facilitated capacity development activities for its partners, as well as , improving the infrastructure for carrying out effective research and development for NARS Capacities of the stakeholders have been strengthened through training and subsequent applications; participation in national and international scientific conferences and meetings; research opportunities for higher degrees based on TL II activities; as well as improved access to information and new knowledge. Strengthening of community-based organizations, in particular the farmer groups and associations, through the use of Participatory Research and Extension Approach (PREA) and technical training in many aspects of agricultural production played a key role in sustaining project activities. Training and support for quality Certified and Foundation Seed production, reinforced with post harvest processing, storage, distribution and marketing ensured that quality seed of the new varieties was made available to other farmers. Extension materials, in particular cowpea production guides, prepared in English and French were distributed to farmers and other stakeholders. Improving cowpea seed systems Cowpea seed production in SSA has faced a series of constraints which affect its productivity and production, geographic scope and social reach of distribution. Public sector seed production has not been able to multiply large quantities of Foundation Seed—as priority for such foundation stocks is given to more commercial crops—such as hybrid maize. Further, when public sector does scale up, stocks are often diverted to emergency seed distribution, as cowpea seed is a favorite ‘relief crop’ of both governments and NGOs. The private seed industry also has not found the cowpea seed business lucrative, as once farmers get new varieties they tend to re-sow from their own saved seed for many seasons, instead of purchasing seed anew from certified sources. The demand side has also faced a number of challenges - at the most fundamental level, many farmers simply do not know about new varieties (i.e. their potential advantages, where to access them, among others). Seed production often takes place in higher potential areas, with seed stores also being concentrated in zones of higher population density or those with better infrastructure (that is, not the stress areas). Further, when seed of promising varieties is made locally accessible, it tends to be too costly (in relation to seed from local markets) and/or sold in package sizes of interest only to the largerscale farmers. For all these reasons, cowpea seed systems need to be specifically designed to serve the needs of the smallholder and to reach those in remote and less favored areas. The TL II cowpea seed system 108 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | Tropical Legumes II Project
component particularly focused on 1) decentralizing seed production in rural zones and 2) verifying dissemination and marketing strategies to reach all farmers, including women and those with limited financial means. Improving access to Foundation and Certified/Quality-Assured Seed and strengthening the seed value chain In the last three years, a total of 107.73 MT of Foundation Seed has been produced from various cowpea varieties in the project countries and sold to seed growers (Table 5-13). Table 5-13 shows that 26.8 MT was produced in 2008 with Mali, Niger and Mozambique exceeding the annual target of 5 MT per year. Nigeria produced 6.1 MT of the expected target of 10 MT per year. Similarly, Tanzania produced below the annual target of 5 MT per year. In subsequent years, all the countries produced in excess of the annual target except Tanzania and Nigeria that produced below the target in 2009 and 2010, respectively (Table 5-13). Table 5-13: Quantity (MT) of cowpea Foundation Seed produced in target countries Country Year Total 2008 2009 2010 Nigeria 6.10 10.00 14.45 30.55 Niger 5.00 6.40 3.62 15.02 Mali 5.70 8.76 8.40 22.86 Tanzania 3.50 3.40 10.90 17.80 Mozambique 6.50 8.50 6.50 21.50 Total 26.80 37.06 43.87 107.73 In terms of production and delivery approaches tested under Phase I included, four Certified Seed production models, two models of decentralized seed production and five seed delivery models were tested (Table 5-14). Table 5-14: TL II cowpea seed systems, approaches tested under TL II Certified seed production Decentralized seed production Delivery approaches • Direct production- NARS • District/government officers • Small pack sales: open markets • Direct production- NARS supporting individual farmers • Small pack sales: country stores seed unit with contract • NGOs supporting individual • Small pack sales agro-dealers farmers farmers • Exchanged through seed loans • Private seed companies • Farmer Cooperatives/Unions • Direct farmer to farmer diffusion • Farmer cooperatives • Community-based seed production Approaches tested Seed production was monitored throughout the project cycle. NARS kept careful records of initial Certified Seed produced and distributed to partners, while selected partners in decentralized zones kept records of farmer multipliers, farmers receiving seed, and multiplication rates by region. Monitoring with individual farmers also provided data on how the individual harvest was used (e.g. whether eaten, stored, saved as seed, exchanged, and sold as seed or grain). Certified Seed production figures To ensure accessibility of seed of the improved crop varieties to farmers, the project introduced a community-based seed production scheme across the participating countries. Over the period 2008- 2010, a total 496.58 MT of cowpea seed was produced. Table 5-15 shows the overall Certified Seed Progress of Phase 1 109
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Tropical Legumes II Project TROPICA
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TROPICAL LEGUMES II Tropical Legume
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Seed Production and Delivery System
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Seed production and delivery system
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NARES NASFAM NASSPA NPT NSC NSO NSS
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TL II was implemented in 10 target
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country governments in agricultural
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Table 1-2: continued Variety code (
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Table 1-3: Seed production and deli
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As stated earlier in this chapter,
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Table 1-5: Graduate degree students
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Ndjeunga J, Ibro A, Cisse Y, Ben Ah
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Project background Groundnut is one
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Table 2-2: Performance of ICGV 0035
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Table 2-6: Performance of ICGV 9111
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Table 2-11: Results of 255 paired c
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Table 2-16: Groundnut seed of vario
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Infrastructure facilities For effic
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Project sites Tamil Nadu The presen
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In Karnataka, the PDKV model was pr
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Training course A total of four tra
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Background The yield of groundnut i
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Table 3-2: Groundnut production tre
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In order of importance, the largest
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Table 3-5: Results of pair-wise com
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Finally, the variety choices are co
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hybridization techniques, design of
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Figure 3-2: The Malawi model of the
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Tanzania TL II has contributed to t
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Annex 3-2: Performance of Virginia
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Annex 3-4: Regional elite groundnut
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54 Engaging Smallholder Farmers | T
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The European Union still remains th
Page 68 and 69: Table 4-2: Proportion of households
Page 70 and 71: Table 4-4: Amount requested, amount
Page 72 and 73: Table 4-6. Comparison of groundnut
Page 74 and 75: The use of other inputs (credit, in
Page 76 and 77: A PVS evaluation was launched in pi
Page 78 and 79: Table 4-10: Locations and contact f
Page 80 and 81: Table 4-11: Mean pod yield (kg per
Page 82 and 83: 99511 (Table 4-12). Most important
Page 84 and 85: Table 4-15: Evaluation of groundnut
Page 86 and 87: A 10-day intensive training worksho
Page 88 and 89: Seed production of all classes A to
Page 90 and 91: Testing seed marketing strategies A
Page 92 and 93: Area Global trends in area under co
Page 94 and 95: Figure 5-3 shows that Nigeria made
Page 96 and 97: much greater deficits. Under this s
Page 98 and 99: and other inputs. • Popular varie
Page 100 and 101: Mozambique Soybean seed multiplicat
Page 102 and 103: dry savanna regions, where the bulk
Page 104 and 105: Number of demonstration plots in ea
Page 106 and 107: Mozambique Many farmers have shown
Page 108 and 109: Table 5-7: Number of days to flower
Page 110 and 111: most efficient and IT99K-7-21-2-2 w
Page 112 and 113: Table 5-11: Ten SNPs converted and
Page 114 and 115: Strengthening capacity of national
Page 116 and 117: Infrastructure development at NARS
Page 120 and 121: produced over the first phase of th
Page 122 and 123: Lessons learned TL II cowpea seed s
Page 124 and 125: Phase I Social Sciences research in
Page 126 and 127: The consequences are that the impro
Page 128 and 129: about half of area share of land al
Page 130 and 131: Figure 6-3: Average area (ha) per h
Page 132 and 133: single lingering bottleneck on whic
Page 134 and 135: In Kenya, the small seed pack appro
Page 136 and 137: Summary, process gains and people r
Page 138 and 139: Fast-Tracking and Technology Genera
Page 140 and 141: Figure 6-6: Distribution of PVS sit
Page 142 and 143: Table 6-12: Yields of fast track bu
Page 144 and 145: Table 6-15: Farmer evaluation of in
Page 146 and 147: While the fast track entries were r
Page 148 and 149: Technology generation Mechanistic s
Page 150 and 151: 60 50 Rainfall Pan evaporation Maxi
Page 152 and 153: 16, and the advantage of some ALB l
Page 154 and 155: Number of degree training students
Page 156 and 157: Number of NARS technicians trained
Page 158 and 159: Rain-out shelter in CIAT-Colombia T
Page 160 and 161: Impact assessment and enhancement P
Page 162 and 163: Annex 6-2: TL IIEthiopia: decentral
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Page 166 and 167: farmers for enhancing their awarene
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• Designing, testing and implemen
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Andhra Pradesh The overall sample s
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Prakasam district: Crops grown in P
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Constraints in adoption of chickpea
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Cost-benefit analysis for chickpea
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Identification of farmer-and-market
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Table 7-6: Breeder Seed of differen
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Capacity building Knowledge empower
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Table 7-15: Training of local seed
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• In addition to yield, maturity
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Introduction Chickpea is grown in E
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Chickpea seed access The first majo
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Grades and standards About 75% of t
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Table 8-6: Varieties used in PVS tr
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private sector lacks the incentive
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• LZARDI-Ukiriguru: Land along wi
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• Establishing functional legume
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Table 9-1: Farmers’ preferred var
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Table 9-3: Baby trials conducted in
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Table 9-5: Reaction of pigeonpea li
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TL II focuses on farmer-participato
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Production of Breeder, Foundation,
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Mahaboobnagar and Ranga Reddy distr
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(Table 9-9 Continued) Particular To
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Chichewa) and Tanzania (Swahili). O
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Available technologies Although imp
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and Chitedze in Malawi showed that
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Table 10-6: Various classes of qual
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Awareness activities Farmers’ fie
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Annex 10-1: Target locations for pi
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Adoption studies Adoption studies f
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3.5 Yields (Tonnes/hectare) 3.0 2.5
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Supply of important traits by the i
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and marketing organization in Malaw
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Table 11-3: Grain and fodder yields
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Table 11-9: Communities and famers
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Table 11-14 Average performance of
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Table 11-16: Soybean Breeder’s Se
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Table 11-19: Grain yield (kg per ha
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Table 11-23: F3 Segregating populat
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At TSBF-CIAT in Kenya, a study was
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Number of NARS scientists trained T
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Improved access to markets Improved
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Total 107.3 259.0 609.0 975.3 246 E
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utilization and marketing. In Niger
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Annex 11-2: Tobit Model estimate of
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252 Engaging Smallholder Farmers |
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