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199 Harrison, M.P. (1984a) Cyhalothrin: the metabolism and disposition of ICI 146,814 in rats; part II. Tissue residues derived from [ 14 C-benzyl] or [ 14 C-cyclopropyl] ICI 146,814, after a single oral dose of 1 or 25 mg/kg. Unpublished report No. CTL/C/1279B from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Harrison, M.P. (1984b) Cyhalothrin: the metabolism and disposition of [ 14 C]-ICI 146,814 in rats; part III. Studies to determine the radioactive residues in the rat following 14 days repeated oral administration. Unpublished report No. CTL/C/1279C from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Harrison, M.P. (1984c) Cyhalothrin (ICI 146, 814): the disposition and metabolism of [ 14 C]-ICI 146,814 in the dog. Unpublished report No. CTL/C/1277 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Hart, D., Banham, P.B., Chart, I.S., Evans, D.P., Gore, C.W., Stonard, M.D., Moreland, S., Godley, M.J. & Robinson, M. (1985) PP321: 90-day feeding study in rats. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1045 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Hext, P.M. (1987) PP321: 4-hour acute inhalation toxicity study in the rat. Unpublished report No. CTL/ P/1683 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Hext, P.M., Brammer, A., Chalmers, D.T., Chart, I.S., Gore, C.W., Pate, I. & Banham, P.B. (1986) PP321: 1-year oral dosing in dogs. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1316 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Horner, S. (1996) Lambda-cyhalothrin: 6-week oral toxicity study in dogs. Unpublished report No. CTL/ P/5256 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. JECFA (2000) Cyhalothrin. In: Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO Food Additives Series 45.Geneva, World Health Organization. JECFA (2005) Cyhalothrin addendum. In: Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food WHO Food Additives series 53. Geneva, World Health Organization. Jones, B.K. (1989a) Cyhalothrin: tissue distribution and elimination following a single oral dose (1 mg/kg) in the rat. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/2489 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Jones, B.K. (1989b) Cyhalothrin: tissue distribution and elimination following a single oral dose (25 mg/kg) in the rat. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/2490 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Killick, M.E. (1981a) Cyhalothrin: oral (gavage) teratology study in the rat. Unpublished report No. CTL/ C/1075 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Killick, M.E. (1981b) Cyhalothrin: oral (gavage) teratology study in the New Zealand White rabbit. Unpublished report No. CTL/C/1072 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Lindsay, S., Chart, I.S., Godley, M.J., Gore, C.W., Hall, M., Pratt, I., Robinson, M. & Stonard, M. (1981) Cyhalothrin: 90-day feeding study in rats. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/629 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Lindsay, S., Doe, J.E., Godley, M.J., Hall, M., Pratt, I., Robinson, M. & Stonard, M.D. (1982) Cyhalothrin induced liver changes: reversibility study in male rats. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/668 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Marsh, J.R., Woollen, B.H. & Wilks, M.F. (1994) The metabolism and pharmacokinetics of lambda-cyhalothrin in man. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/4208 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN 173–200 JMPR 2007
200 Milburn, G.M. (2004) Lambda-cyhalothrin: developmental neurotoxicity study in rats. Unpublished report No. CTL/RR0969 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Milburn, G.M., Banham, P., Godley, M.J., Pigott, G. & Robinson, M. (1984) Cyhalothrin: three generation reproduction study in the rat. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/906 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Naravaneni, R. & Jamil, K. (2005) Evaluation of cytogenetic effects of lambda-cyhalothrin on human lymphocytes. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicology, 19, 304−310. Pigott, G.H., Chart, I.S., Godley, M.J., Gore, C.W., Hollis, K.J., Robinson, M., Taylor, K. & Tinston, D.J. (1984) Cyhalothrin: two year feeding study in rats. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/980 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Pritchard, V.K. (1984) PP321: skin sensitisation study. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1054 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Pritchard, V.K. (1985a) PP321 and cyhalothrin: skin irritation study. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1139 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Pritchard, V.K. (1985b) PP321: eye irritation study. Unpublished report No: CTL/P/1207 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Prout, M.S. (1984) Cyhalothrin: bioaccumulation in the rat. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1014 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Prout, M.S. & Howard, E.F. (1985) PP321: comparative absorption study in the rat (1 mg/kg) Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1214 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Ray, D.E. & Fry, J.R. (2006) A reassessment of the neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Pharmacol. Therapeut. 111, 174–193. Sheldon, T., Richardson, C.R., Shaw, J. & Barber, G. (1984) An evaluation of PP321 in the mouse micronucleus test. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1090 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Sheldon, T., Howard, C.A. & Richardson, C.R. (1985) PP321: a cytogenetic study in human lymphocytes in vitro. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1333 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Southwood, J. (1984) PP321: acute oral toxicity to the mouse. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1066 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Southwood, J. (1985) PP321: acute oral toxicity studies. Unpublished report No. CTL/P/1102 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. Trueman, R.W. (1989) Lambda-cyhalothrin: Assessment for the Induction of Unscheduled DNA Synthesis in Primary Rat Hepatocyte Cultures. Unpublished report No CTL/P/2707 from Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, England. Submitted to WHO by Syngenta Crop Protection AG. WHO (1990) Environmental Health Criteria 99: cyhalothrin. Geneva, WHO. Wolansky, M.J., Gennings, C. & Crofton, K.M. (2006) Relative potencies for acute effects of pyrethroids on motor function in rats. Toxicol. Sciences, 89, 271–277. LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN 173–200 JMPR 2007
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Pesticide residues in food — 2007
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of part
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Dr Vicki L. Dellarco, Office of Pes
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Abbreviations used 3-MC ACTH ADI ai
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MRL MS MS/MS MTD NMR NOAEC NOAEL NO
Page 14:
Introduction The toxicological mono
Page 18 and 19:
AMINOPYRALID First draft prepared b
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5 higher renal excretion in the gro
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7 Table 4. Recovery of radioactivit
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9 Table 7. Pharmacokinetic paramete
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11 (c) Exposure by inhalation Five
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13 Table 9. Acute toxicity of amino
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15 The data from urine analysis rev
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17 18, monthly for palpable masses.
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19 Table 12. Body weights of rats f
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21 Table 15. Results of assays for
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23 in both groups, feed consumption
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25 neurotoxicity after 12 months. B
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27 The same five time-mated NZW rab
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29 Mortality was increased in all g
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31 Levels relevant to risk assessme
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33 References Brooks, K.J. (2001a)
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35 Consulting, The Dow Chemical Com
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ATRAZINE First draft prepared by Ru
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39 in the early 1990s; this reflect
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41 Maximum concentrations in the bl
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43 In a study on comparative metabo
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45 Table 1. Metabolism of atrazine
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47 Figure 2. Proposed metabolic pat
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49 to intact skin; and that no read
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51 the highest dose, and food consu
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53 mice (evaluated as roughly equiv
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55 Table 5. Incidence of mammary tu
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57 Table 6. Selected findings from
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59 was decreased when compared with
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61 Table 9. Selected findings of a
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63 proestrus at the expense of days
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65 Table 10. Selected studies of ge
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67 End-point Test object Concentrat
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69 Table 12. Relevant findings in a
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Page 88 and 89:
73 respectively) and in males at th
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Page 92 and 93:
77 All dams survived until the end
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79 250 and 500 ppm. Body-weight gai
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81 In an assay for reverse mutation
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83 on pubertal development in femal
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85 parameters (decreased pH, specif
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Page 104 and 105:
89 0, 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg bw per d
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91 The NOAEL was 25 ppm, equal to 1
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93 In a study on the effect of atra
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95 Delayed parturition was seen at
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97 observed in the pair-fed group.
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99 examined, offspring in the atraz
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101 antagonize E2-induced luciferas
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103 increase in steroidogenesis is
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105 The immune system of adult mice
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107 In a later review of cancer epi
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109 In a 25-day study in rabbits tr
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111 developmental toxicity were 10
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113 regulation in male offspring in
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115 (d) Diaminochlorotriazine (DACT
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117 Developmental target/critical e
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119 • The failure to ovulate resu
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121 The relationship between increa
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123 Table A2. Comparison of paramet
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125 Ballantine, L., Murphy, T. G. &
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127 Dunkelberg, H., Fuchs, J., Heng
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129 Heneweer, M., van den Berg, M.
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131 Lindsay, L.A., Wimbert, K.V., G
Page 148 and 149:
133 Morseth, S.L. (1996d) Chronic (
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135 Rudzki, M.W., Batastina, G., &
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137 Tennant, A.H., Peng, B. & Klige
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AZINPHOS-METHYL First draft prepare
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141 methylation and oxidation of me
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143 Table 1. Acute oral toxicity of
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145 Table 2. Cholinesterase activit
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147 at the highest dose. In both sp
Page 164 and 165: 149 Table 6. Cholinesterase activit
Page 166 and 167: 151 Table 8. Fertility of F 0 and F
Page 168 and 169: 153 Table 10. Fertility parameters
Page 170 and 171: 155 Groups of 22 mated Sprague-Dawl
Page 172 and 173: 157 after completion of the feeding
Page 174 and 175: 159 reduced motor activity in males
Page 176 and 177: 161 sensitivity with that of labora
Page 178 and 179: 163 measures to prevent worker expo
Page 180 and 181: 165 when brain cholinesterase activ
Page 182 and 183: 167 Critical end-points for setting
Page 184 and 185: 169 Eiben, R., Schmidt, W., & Loese
Page 186 and 187: 171 Myhr, B.C. (1983) Evaluation of
Page 188 and 189: LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN First draft prep
Page 190 and 191: 175 Figure 1. Chemical structures o
Page 192 and 193: 177 In a comparative study, the abs
Page 194 and 195: 179 Figure 2. Main pathways of biot
Page 196 and 197: 181 (iv) Dermal sensitization In a
Page 198 and 199: 183 observed in rats at the highest
Page 200 and 201: 185 Mortality was not affected by t
Page 202 and 203: 187 the group at 100 ppm, reduction
Page 204 and 205: 189 and five females per group were
Page 206 and 207: 191 10-12%) than those of controls
Page 208 and 209: 193 Comments Biochemical aspects Or
Page 210 and 211: 195 Toxicological evaluation Althou
Page 212 and 213: 197 Metabolism in animals Toxicolog
Page 216 and 217: DIFENOCONAZOLE First draft prepared
Page 218 and 219: 203 a sex difference nor any marked
Page 220 and 221: 205 demonstrated that the highest t
Page 222 and 223: 207 Figure 3. Proposed metabolic pa
Page 224 and 225: 209 of the study were unremarkable.
Page 226 and 227: 211 Table 3. Results of studies of
Page 228 and 229: 213 The no-observed-adverse-effect
Page 230 and 231: 215 lower than those of rats in the
Page 232 and 233: 217 hepatocellular enlargement. In
Page 234 and 235: 219 i.e. males lost 15.4% and femal
Page 236 and 237: 221 and 357. This reduced food cons
Page 238 and 239: 223 There was very high mortality a
Page 240 and 241: 225 Table 6. Treatment-related hist
Page 242 and 243: 227 Rats Groups of 80 CRL:CD(SD)®
Page 244 and 245: 229 Table 7. Histopathology finding
Page 246 and 247: 231 D. Temporal association. The fe
Page 248 and 249: 233 2.5 Reproductive toxicity (a) M
Page 250 and 251: 235 t estes weights in the males at
Page 252 and 253: 237 continued to be lower than thos
Page 254 and 255: 239 Corpora lutea in each ovary wer
Page 256 and 257: 241 S1 + S2, not ossified — —
Page 258 and 259: 243 in the control group and in the
Page 260 and 261: 245 physically examined for changes
Page 262 and 263: 247 Table 16. Results of studies of
Page 264 and 265:
249 can occur in untreated mice, in
Page 266 and 267:
251 Study of reproductive toxicity
Page 268 and 269:
253 Table 19. Results of studies of
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255 Table 21. Results of studies of
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257 of the test article on microsom
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259 Ophthalmoscopic examinations pe
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261 the radioactivity was re-elimin
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263 In a single-dose study of neuro
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265 Estimate of acceptable daily in
Page 282 and 283:
267 Clapp, M.J.L., Killick, M.E., H
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269 Herbold, B. (1983c) THS 2212 tr
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271 Pinto, P. (2006b) Difenoconazol
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DIMETHOMORPH First draft prepared b
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275 Five different treatment groups
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277 To investigate the significance
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279 and the E : Z isomer ratio was
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281 Table 10. Tissue distribution o
Page 298 and 299:
283 (e) Dermal sensitization The de
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285 females at the highest dose, to
Page 302 and 303:
287 The NOAEL was 10 mg/kg bw per d
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289 concentrations in females were
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291 health, moribundity and mortali
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293 0-9%, mean, 3.5%; only one out
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Table 26. Organ weights adjusted to
Page 312 and 313:
297 cell hyperplasia. The testes tu
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299 unscheduled DNA synthesis, the
Page 316 and 317:
301 Figure 3. Cumulative percentage
Page 318 and 319:
303 Rabbits In a dose-range finding
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305 (b) Potentiation of hexobarbito
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307 0.2% or less of the administere
Page 324 and 325:
309 eye-opening, pinna unfolding or
Page 326 and 327:
311 Lowest relevant inhalation NOAE
Page 328 and 329:
313 Gardner, J.R. (1989) CME 151 te
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315 van de Waart, E.J. (1991b) Eval
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318 Committee on Pesticide residues
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320 (a) Ocular irritation Rabbits T
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322 weights were decreased in males
Page 339 and 340:
324 toxicity was 5 mg/kg bw per day
Page 341 and 342:
326 respectively; range for histori
Page 343 and 344:
328 Table 4. Incidence of Leydig-ce
Page 345 and 346:
330 and/or bilateral) was noted in
Page 347 and 348:
332 No treatment-related signs of m
Page 349 and 350:
334 Table 6. Incidence of selected
Page 351 and 352:
336 or teratogenic potential at the
Page 353 and 354:
338 and progesterone. The concentra
Page 355 and 356:
340 the doses used in the 1-year st
Page 357 and 358:
342 No neurotoxic effects were seen
Page 359 and 360:
344 Lowest relevant reproductive NO
Page 361 and 362:
346 Keller, D.A. (1992c) Oncogenici
Page 364 and 365:
PROCYMIDONE First draft prepared by
Page 366 and 367:
351 Rats Groups of five male and fe
Page 368 and 369:
353 Table 1. Pharmacokinetic parame
Page 370 and 371:
355 Seven doses C max (µg equivale
Page 372 and 373:
357 Three groups of five male and f
Page 374 and 375:
359 The excretion of radioactivity
Page 376 and 377:
361 Figure 1. Proposed metabolic pa
Page 378 and 379:
363 water consumption were determin
Page 380 and 381:
365 finding. Histopathology reveale
Page 382 and 383:
367 The NOAEL was 500 ppm, equivale
Page 384 and 385:
369 The NOAEL was 100 mg/kg bw per
Page 386 and 387:
371 at 2000 ppm. Histopathology rev
Page 388 and 389:
373 b Each test was conducted in tr
Page 390 and 391:
375 experimental period. Rats were
Page 392 and 393:
377 hypospadias, testicular atrophy
Page 394 and 395:
379 a single dose, which produced o
Page 396 and 397:
381 The anti-androgenic activities
Page 398 and 399:
383 but only at 6000 ppm after 13 w
Page 400 and 401:
385 The results are summarized in T
Page 402 and 403:
387 males (all litters) in the grou
Page 404 and 405:
389 procymidone (18-27% of the admi
Page 406 and 407:
391 Procymidone induced liver tumou
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393 The Meeting concluded that the
Page 410 and 411:
395 Toxicologically significant com
Page 412 and 413:
397 Harada, T. (1983) A review on m
Page 414 and 415:
399 Murakami, M., Yoshitake, A. & H
Page 416:
401 Tarui, H. (2005b) In vitro meta
Page 419 and 420:
404 Explanation Profenofos is the I
Page 421 and 422:
406 The metabolism of ring-labelled
Page 423 and 424:
408 2. Toxicological studies 2.1 Ac
Page 425 and 426:
410 Rabbits Groups of two male and
Page 427 and 428:
412 Groups of five male and five fe
Page 429 and 430:
414 control group and in the test g
Page 431 and 432:
416 of the rabbits at the highest d
Page 433 and 434:
418 The NOAEL for brain acetylcholi
Page 435 and 436:
420 Table 2. Histopathological find
Page 437 and 438:
422 1 out of 70; lowest dose, 3 out
Page 439 and 440:
424 body‐weight gains (3-10% decr
Page 441 and 442:
426 treated groups for body-weight
Page 443 and 444:
428 (b) Short-term studies of neuro
Page 445 and 446:
430 represented as equally as possi
Page 447 and 448:
432 pound and the equitoxic mixture
Page 449 and 450:
434 Inhibition of brain acetylcholi
Page 451 and 452:
436 Toxicological evaluation Erythr
Page 453 and 454:
438 Neurotoxicity/delayed neurotoxi
Page 455 and 456:
440 Harris, S.B. (1982) A teratolog
Page 457 and 458:
442 Puri, E. (1982a) Autoradiograph
Page 460 and 461:
PYRIMETHANIL First draft prepared b
Page 462 and 463:
447 Table 1. Excretion profile in r
Page 464 and 465:
449 Table 3. Half-life of pyrimetha
Page 466 and 467:
451 Table 4. Identification of meta
Page 468 and 469:
453 SN 614 277. The presence of the
Page 470 and 471:
455 2. Toxicological studies 2.1 Ac
Page 472 and 473:
457 treated rabbits showed slight e
Page 474 and 475:
459 still evident in the liver; how
Page 476 and 477:
461 In a 90-day feeding study, grou
Page 478 and 479:
463 per day or 800 mg/kg bw per day
Page 480 and 481:
465 The dosing solutions were prepa
Page 482 and 483:
467 mortality and morbidity. Change
Page 484 and 485:
469 2.4 Genotoxicity Pyrimethanil w
Page 486 and 487:
471 mean body‐weight gains. After
Page 488 and 489:
473 Analysis of dosing solutions in
Page 490 and 491:
475 In a 7-day feeding study, group
Page 492 and 493:
477 at 200 mg/kg bw. These clinical
Page 494 and 495:
479 s ystemic toxicity was 400 ppm
Page 496 and 497:
481 Acute toxicity Rat, LD 50 , ora
Page 498 and 499:
483 Grosshans, F. (2003) Pyrimethan
Page 500 and 501:
485 Markham, L.P. (1989d) Technical
Page 502 and 503:
ZOXAMIDE First draft prepared by I.
Page 504 and 505:
489 The excretion of radioactivity
Page 506 and 507:
491 Table 3. Mean concentration of
Page 508 and 509:
493 Table 4. Distribution of metabo
Page 510 and 511:
495 were also found in the urine, a
Page 512 and 513:
497 owing to the absence of a dose-
Page 514 and 515:
499 The NOAEL was 30 000 ppm, equiv
Page 516 and 517:
501 Table 9. Haematological finding
Page 518 and 519:
503 Table 11. Body weight, food con
Page 520 and 521:
505 daily for signs of moribundity,
Page 522 and 523:
507 Table 14 Results of studies of
Page 524 and 525:
509 phase. The study was certified
Page 526 and 527:
511 Table 16. Spleen weights and hi
Page 528 and 529:
513 FOB/motor activity assessment,
Page 530 and 531:
515 Excretion was primarily in the
Page 532 and 533:
517 days 14 to 21. Increased relati
Page 534 and 535:
519 Lowest relevant inhalation NOAE
Page 536 and 537:
521 Morrison, R.D. & Gillette, D.M.
Page 538 and 539:
ANNEX 1 Reports and other documents
Page 540 and 541:
525 31. Pesticide residues in food:
Page 542 and 543:
527 67. Pesticide residues in food
Page 544:
529 101. Pesticide residues in food
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