Pesticide residues in food — 2007: Toxicological ... - ipcs inchem

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Similar results were obtained in a more recent study in which three groups of five male and
five female Crl:CD®BR rats were given [ 14 C]profenofos (purity, 97.1–98.1%) orally by gavage as
a single dose at 1 mg/kg bw or 100 mg/kg bw and another group was pre-treated with 14 consecutive
daily oral doses of non-radiolabelled compound at 1 mg/kg bw followed by a single radiolabelled
dose at 1 mg/kg bw on day 15. Treated rats were killed 7 days after administration of the
r adiolabelled dose.
No significant sex-related differences were observed in the elimination and/or distribution of
radioactivity. Total radioactivity eliminated via the urine and faeces exceeded 99% of the administered
dose for all groups. Most of the administered radioactivity (> 97%) was eliminated via the urine.
Elimination was rapid with an average of 95% and 93% of the total radioactivity being excreted in
the urine within the first 24 h for the groups at the lower dose and repeated dose, respectively. For the
group at the higher dose, 97% of the dose was eliminated in the urine within 48 h. Less than 4% of
the radioactivity was excreted in the faeces for all groups. Less than 0.2% of the administered dose
was detected in the volatile and CO 2
traps combined. Less than 0.1% of the administered dose was
recovered in tissues. At the lower dose, the residues in tissues were less than 0.002 μg equivalent/g,
with the exception of the liver, which contained up to 0.02 μg equivalent/g. At the higher dose,
residues ranged from not detectable in most tissues to 0.18 μg equivalent/g in the liver (Kennedy &
Swain, 1992).
Male and female Harlan SD albino rats received single dermal applications of ring-labelled
[ 14 C]profenofos at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg bw (specific activity, 9.34 µCi/mg (345.58 kBq/mg) and
10 mg/kg bw (specific activity, 2.6 µCi/mg (96.2 kBq/mg) in a 72-h balance study. Over the 72-h
absorption period, the total recoveries of radiolabelled carbon averaged 92–95% of each applied dose
in each sex (urine, 80–86%; faeces,, 2.2–3.9%; tissues, 0.09–1.8%; blood, 0.06% or less; treated
skin, 3% or less; and cage-washings, 5% or less). Excretion in expired carbon dioxide (CO 2
) was
negligible (less than 0.02%, as determined from a preliminary study using the highest dermal dose).
The dermal absorption was approximately 85% of the applied dose in 72 h, which indicated that
[ 14 C]profenofos was absorbed at nearly the same rate for males and females regardless of the dose;
t1/2 absorption values were 17.9 h and 15.0 h after treatment with the lower dose in males and females,
respectively, and 16.7 h and 14.1 h after treatment with the higher dose in males and females,
respectively. The calculated 50% excretion rates (urine was the major route of excretion) occurred
18.1 h and 17.4 h after treatment with the lower dose in males and females, respectively, and 23.2 h
and 18.7 h after treatment with the higher dose in males and females, respectively. Fifty percent of
[ 14 C]profenofos was excreted shortly after 50% had been absorbed, indicating that profenofos and
its metabolites were rapidly excreted, i.e. there was no lag-time between absorption and excretion.
Levels of radioactivity in selected tissues, organs (liver, kidney) and blood reached a maximum after
2 h, had reached a plateau by 8 h, and declined rapidly by 72 h after application. The total recovery
after 72 h averaged 92–95% of the applied dose in males and females, 80–86% in urine and 2–4% in
faeces (Williams et al., 1984).
1.2 Biotransformation
Urine collected in the 0–24 h after giving RAI rats a single oral dose of profenofos at approximately
4.8 mg/kg bw was analysed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Four metabolites were
detected and no unchanged profenofos was present, indicating complete degradation of profenofos.
The only metabolite identified by TLC was the phosphorous ester cleavage product, 4-bromo-2-
chlorophenol. This metabolite did not appear in freshly-obtained urine, indicating that other labile
metabolites are cleaved to this phenol (Ifflaender & Mücke, 1974).
PROFENOFOS 403–443 JMPR 2007