Modeling and Multivariate Methods - SAS

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Contents The Response Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Continuous Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Nominal Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 Ordinal Responses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 The Factor Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656 Continuous Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656 Nominal Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .657 Ordinal Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 The Usual Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672 Assumed Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673 Relative Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673 Multiple Inferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673 Validity Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673 Alternative Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Key Statistical Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Uncertainty, a Unifying Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 The Two Basic Fitting Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675 Leverage Plot Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678 Multivariate Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 Multivariate Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Approximate F-Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681 Canonical Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682 Discriminant Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683 Power Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683 Computations for the LSV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683 Computations for the LSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 Computations for the Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685 Computations for Adjusted Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685 Inverse Prediction with Confidence Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 Details of Random Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Appendix A Statistical Details 653 The Response Models The Response Models JMP fits linear models to three different kinds of responses: continuous, nominal, and ordinal. The models and methods available in JMP are practical, are widely used, and suit the need for a general approach in a statistical software tool. As with all statistical software, you are responsible for learning the assumptions of the models you choose to use, and the consequences if the assumptions are not met. For more information see “The Usual Assumptions” on page 672 in this chapter. Continuous Responses When the response column (column assigned the Y role) is continuous, JMP fits the value of the response directly. The basic model is that for each observation, Y = (some function of the X’s and parameters) + error Statistical tests are based on the assumption that the error term in the model is normally distributed. Fitting Principle for Continuous Response Base Model The Fitting principle is called least squares. The least squares method estimates the parameters in the model to minimize the sum of squared errors. The errors in the fitted model, called residuals, are the difference between the actual value of each observation and the value predicted by the fitted model. The least squares method is equivalent to the maximum likelihood method of estimation if the errors have a normal distribution. This means that the analysis estimates the model that gives the most likely residuals. The log-likelihood is a scale multiple of the sum of squared errors for the normal distribution. The simplest model for continuous measurement fits just one value to predict all the response values. This value is the estimate of the mean. The mean is just the arithmetic average of the response values. All other models are compared to this base model. Nominal Responses Nominal responses are analyzed with a straightforward extension of the logit model. For a binary (two-level) response, a logit response model is which can be written where log-------------------- P( y = 1) P( y = 2) = Xβ P( y = 1) = F( Xβ) Fx ( ) is the cumulative distribution function of the standard logistic distribution
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Version 10 Modeling and Multivariat
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INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES O
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6 Emphasis Options for Standard Lea
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8 Models with Crossed, Interaction,
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10 8 Analyzing Screening Designs Us
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12 Examining the Residuals . . . .
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14 Response Frequencies . . . . . .
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16 19 Analyzing Principal Component
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18 Interpreting the Profiles . . .
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20 Discriminant Analysis . . . . .
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Contents Book Conventions. . . . .
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24 Learn about JMP Chapter 1 Book C
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Contents Example of a Multiple Resp
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Contents Overview of Generalized Li
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180 Fitting Generalized Linear Mode
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Contents Overview of the Screening
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232 Analyzing Screening Designs Cha
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Contents Introduction to the Nonlin
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244 Performing Nonlinear Regression
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280 Creating Neural Networks Chapte
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Contents Launching the Platform. .
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296 Modeling Relationships With Gau
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Contents Overview of the Loglinear
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306 Fitting Dispersion Effects with
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318 Recursively Partitioning Data C
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Contents Launch the Platform . . .
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354 Performing Time Series Analysis
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Contents The Categorical Platform .
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386 Performing Categorical Response
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Contents Introduction to Clustering
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Contents Principal Components. . .
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484 Analyzing Principal Components
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494 Performing Discriminant Analysi
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556 Visualizing, Optimizing, and Si
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Page 640 and 641: 640 References Becker, R.A. and Cle
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Page 654 and 655: 654 Statistical Details Appendix A
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Page 696 and 697: 696 Index Customizing 267 Nonlinear
Page 698 and 699: 698 Index reliability analysis 453-
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702 Index
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Modeling and Multivariate Methods - SAS

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