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alent to $200 per antenna and is so much less than the total uncertainty in the per site costs that we will neglect it. Table 9-2 shows the estimated costs in small quantities of the receiver components: I tem TABLE 9-2 Unit Cost Total Cost Number/ (thousands (thousands Site of dollars) of dollars) Antenna Feeds 6 10 60 Up-Converters 12 5 60 Maser Amplifier 2 50 1O0 Mixers, IF Amplifier 2 5 10 Phase Shifter, Driver 1 1 I Cryogenic 20° K 2 12.5 25 Cryogenics 4° K 1 20 20 1-5/8 in. coax cable 300 m 7/m 2 LO distribution units _ 1 2 2 Synthesizer 1 5 5 System Integration 1 15 15 Total 300 With quantity production it is almost certain that the total receiver system cost could be reduced from $300,000 to $200,000 or less, but in any event it is obvious that the receiver cost is a small fraction of the antenna structural cost. REFERENCES 1. Minnett, H.C.; and Thomas, B. Mac A.: Fields in the Image Space of Symmetrical Focusing Reflectors. Proc. lEE, vol. 115, 1968, pp. 1419-1430. 2. Jeuken, M.E.J.: Experimental Radiation Pattern of the Corrugated Conical-Horn Antenna With Small Flare Angle. Electronics Letters, vol. 5, Oct. 1969. 3. Brunstein, S.A.: A New Wideband Feed Horn With Equal E- and H-Plane Beamwidths and Suppressed Sidelobes. JPL Space Programs Summary 37-58, vol. 11. 4. Clairicoats, P.J.B.: Analysis of Spherical Hybrid Modes in a Corrugated Conical Horn. Electronics Letters, vol. 5, no. 9, May 1969, pp. 189-190. 5. Thomas, B. Mac A.: Matching Focal-Region Fields With Hybrid Modes. IEEE Trans., AP, May 1970. 6. Thomas, B. Mac A.: Prime-Focus One- and Two-Hybrid-Mode Feeds. Electronics Letters, vol. 6, July 1970. 7. Thomas, B. Mac A.: Bandwidth Properties of Corrugated Conical Horns. Electronics Letters, vol. 5, Oct. 1969. 8. Potter, P.D.: Application of Spherical Wave Theory to Cassegrainian-Fed Paraboloids. lEE Trans., AP, Nov. 1967. 9. Siegman, A.E.: Microwave Solid-State Masers. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1964. 10. Manley, J.M.: and Rowe, H.E.: Some General Properties of Nonlinear Elements-Part I. General Energy Relations. Proc. IRE, vol. 44, 1956. 11. Sard, E.; Peyton, P.; and Okwitt, S.: IEE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-14, Dec. 1966. 12. Smith, G.: Parametric Sun-Frequency Upconverter. IEEE Spectrum, Dec. 1969, p. 5. 13. Cutler, L.S.; and Vessot, R.F.C.: Present Status of Clocks and Frequency Standards. NEREM Record, 1968. 14. Baugh, R.A.; and Cutler, L.S.: Precision Frequency Sources. Microwave J., June 1970, pp. 43-55. 15. Barnes, J.A.; Chi, A.R.; Cutler, L.S.; Healey, D.J.; Leeson, D.B.; McGunigai, T.E.; Muller, J.A., Jr.; Smith, W.J.; Sydnor, R.L.; Vessot, R.F.C.; and Winkler, G.M.R.: Characterization of Frequency Stability. IEEE Trans. on Instrumentation and Measurement, vol. IM-20, no. 2, May 1971, pp. 105-120. 16. Barnum, L.J.: A Multioctave Microwave Synthesizer, Microwave J., Oct. 1970. 17. A Proposal for a Very Large Array Radio Telescope. Vol. 2, "Systems Design," National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia, Jan. 1967. REFERENCES NOT CITED A Proposal for a Very Large Array Radio Telescope. Vol. 1, "The VLA Concept," National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia, Jan. 1967. A Proposal for a Very Large Array Radio Telescope. Vol. 3, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia, Jan. 1969. Beazell, H.L.: VLA Local Oscillator Distribution Systems-Summary Report. Report 1RDC-4787-101-68U, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, Aug. 1968. Cuccia, C.L.; Williams, T.G.: Cobb, P.R.; Small, A.E.; and Rahilly, J.P.: Microwaves, vol. 6, no. 6, June 1967, p. 27. Davis, R.T.: Microwaves, vol. 10, Apr. 1971, p. 32. 104
DeJager, J.T.:IEEETrans.onMicrowaveTheoryand Techniques, vol. MTT-12, Jul. 1964, p. 459. Henock, B.T.: IRE Trans. on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. MTT-11, Jan. 1963, p. 62. Kliphuis, J.; and Greene, J.C.: AIAA 3rd Communications Satellite Systems Conference, April 6-8, 1970. Kraus, J.D.: Radio Astronomy. McGraw-Hill, N.Y., 1966, p281. Smith, G.; and DeBruvl, J.: Microwave J., Oct. 1966. Rumsey, V.H.: Horn Patterns With Uniform Power Patterns Around Their Axes. 1EEE Trans., AP, Sept. 1966. Vu, T.B.; Vu, Q.H.: Optimum Feed for Large Radio Telescopes: Experimental Results. Electronics Letters, vol. 6, Mar. 19, 1970. Zucker, H.; and lerley, W.H.: Computer-Aided Analysis of Cassegrain Antennas. Bell System Technical J., July-August 1968. 105
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(NASA-CR- 11_5) PROJECT CYCLOPS: A
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CR 114445 Available to the public A
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At this very minute, with almost ab
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Cyclops study w
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COMMUNICATION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WA
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APPENDIX A - Astronomical Data ....
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t _ 2
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of the living beings evolved by the
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Figure2-1. M3I,the great galaxy in
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self.Thus,wecaninterpretFigure2-2as
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magnitude (low brightness) end, the
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Red Giant. The transition from main
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tion, as the central part of the cl
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TABLE 2-4 SELECTED NEARBY STARS WIT
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tideraisingforcesasr--_ where ,v =
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3. Is it possible that living syste
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lawsof natural selection, more like
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starsthroughout the Galaxyhave also
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if the longevity of that life is ty
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The imaginative reader will have no
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Lookingfar ahead,supposewe aresucce
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usuallyterritorial expansion by the
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IOO IO 1 [ [ J [ J I J i [ i I i I
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order with what Morrison has descri
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The quantity gtPt is often called t
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which might result from synchronous
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1. Wewillnothavenough resolving pow
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normalwith the meanat o x/--2. When
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Chapter11 in analyzingthe dataproce
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Therangelimitisthenfoundbyequating_
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TABLE 5-3 PARAMETER Wavelength Tran
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angeanddirectlyasthesquareof antenn
Page 66 and 67: "_ i i i i i p = STELLAR DENSITY AT
Page 68 and 69: I-- g u. O >- I--- .d tit (]O 0 0.
Page 70 and 71: andwidth that will still give near
Page 72 and 73: acquisitionphasefor otherraces.Supp
Page 74 and 75: 1. They would transmit continuously
Page 76 and 77: and ¢-Ceti. No signals were detect
Page 79 and 80: vz .i g)mo PAGE NOr Ir[[,MZ 7. THE
Page 81 and 82: The price of incomplete sky coverag
Page 83 and 84: modest size.A largedatabaseontapeor
Page 85 and 86: THEAUXILIARYOPTICALSYSTEM Althoughn
Page 88 and 89: edetectedat 20,000light-years byCyc
Page 90 and 91: feeds must correct for spherical ab
Page 92 and 93: side of the dish and shade on the o
Page 94 and 95: TABLE 8-1 UNADJUSTED UNIT COST DATA
Page 96 and 97: 7. Using huge specially designed ji
Page 99 and 100: 9. THE RECEIVER SYSTEM The receiver
Page 101 and 102: whereP is the radiated power. Divid
Page 103 and 104: SHADOWED AREA SHADOWED AREA // // /
Page 105 and 106: Corrugatedhornssupportingbalancedhy
Page 107 and 108: o 50 ----- - _ T i 20 _,o 5 ,,,5 09
Page 109 and 110: TABLk ?- I A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS
Page 111 and 112: CENTRAL POINT STATION LSB LINE FREQ
Page 113 and 114: A02 .... + No (25) (i C 1 where No
Page 115: COAXIAL LINE DIRECTIONALCOUPLER FRE
Page 119 and 120: pR_ING PA6E BLANK HOT FILMF_ 10. TR
Page 121 and 122: o-------------o_ _ o o o o ing of t
Page 123 and 124: addedto theother IF channel. The tw
Page 125 and 126: INPUT MHZ _PF 500 MHZ i : 575 T1 92
Page 127 and 128: azimuth _) has a delay (2a/c)sin 0
Page 129 and 130: stripline. For 2 _< k _< 6, appropr
Page 131 and 132: mation are common to all antennas i
Page 133 and 134: A cable pair costs about 20 cents/m
Page 135 and 136: 11. SIGNAL PROCESSING The Cyclops s
Page 137 and 138: 1.0 T t t I I r .9 -8 asynchronousl
Page 139 and 140: collimated coherent light. A simple
Page 141 and 142: power of the film and associated op
Page 143 and 144: samples simultaneously onto the sam
Page 145 and 146: outputs is assumed. COMPOSITE SIGNA
Page 147 and 148: SPECTRUM I n LINES M n LINES U SPEC
Page 149 and 150: signal andyet have a tolerable fals
Page 151 and 152: i --_- i i i i large values of n. T
Page 153 and 154: plottedin Figure11-15for various va
Page 155 and 156: All the1Fsignalswillarrivein phasei
Page 157 and 158: x:(1 +x) x 2 - _ -- (53) If we wish
Page 159 and 160: 3's = unitcostof signal planelectro
Page 161 and 162: where0ma x is the maximum value of
Page 163 and 164: Roughestimates of the costs of buil
Page 165 and 166: 12. CYCLOPS AS A BEACON Although th
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13. SEARCH STRATEGY The high direct
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distantgalaxies (oraninertialrefere
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wouldfollowtheuppermost linein Figu
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persquaredegreeof fieldwouldberequi
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starsfrom/'18 to G5 could support a
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14. CYCLOPS AS A RESEARCH TOOL Thro
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Only a few such galaxies have been
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15. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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perhapsdecadesand possiblycenturies
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APPENDIX A ASTRONOMICAL DATA DISTAN
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PLANETARY Planet ORBITS Semimajor S
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APPENDIX B SUPERCIVILIZATIONS AND C
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ABIOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONS Many writ
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182
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tqOT APPENDIX C OPTIMUM DETECTION A
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to rmsnoise.Wenotethatthematchedfil
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APPENDIX D SQUARE LAW DETECTION THE
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If the output filter is very wide c
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if B/2 > T we can start instead wit
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Let us now introduce the normalized
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where h-- = expectation count of si
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APPENDIXE RESPONSE OF A GAUSSIAN FI
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APPENDIXF BASE STRUCTURES AZ-EL BAS
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ack,it shouldnotbenecessary to prov
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204
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206 i
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PAGE BLANK NOT APPENDIX H POLARIZAT
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APPENDIX I CASSEGRAINIAN GEOMETRY C
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APPENDIXJ PHASINGOFTHE LOCALOSCILLA
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APPENDIXK EFFECTOF DISPERSION IN CO
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APPENDIX L TUNNEL AND CABLE LENGTHS
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where r = "Ym/'rs- If we let o-_--o
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L-4 we see that the length of IF ca
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APPENDIX M PHASING AND TIME DELAY A
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andobtain V = 2 (Ps [! + _(Ar)] +Pn
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L" D 226
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APPENDIX N SYSTEM CALIBRATION The p
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APPENDIXO THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM ANAL
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232
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APPENDIX P LUMPED CONSTANT DELAY LI
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Thevalueofthefinalcoilonthelineis =
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APPENDIXQ CURVES OF DETECTION STATI
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I I I I LE :E oo
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APPENDIX R RADIO VISIBILITY OF NORM
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io 3 - l rlrllll I I I ]l+,ll_ I _f
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