Project Cyclops, A Design... - Department of Earth and Planetary ...

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The imaginative reader will have no difficulty adding to this list. We postulate that interstellar communication, having spread rapidly throughout the Galaxy once it began, is now a reality for countless races. We postulate also that participation in this linked community of intelligent beings confers advantages that greatly outweigh the obligations. We view the qualifications for admission as a combination of technical prowess, which the Cyclops study shows we have, plus faith that the expectation of success justifies the effort, which we may or may not have -yet. REFERENCES 1. Cocconi, G. and Morrison, P., Nature, 184, 844 (1959). 2. Cameron, A.G.W., (ed), Interstellar Communication, Benjamin Press (1963). 3. Sagan, C., and Shklovski, I.S., Intelligent Life in the Universe, Holden-Day Inc., 1966. 4. Dole, S.H., Habitable Planets for Man, Blaisdell (Ginn & Co.) 1964 (revised 1970). 5. Vnezemnye tsivilizatssi (Extraterrestrial Civilizations) Proceedings of a conference. Byurakan 20-23 May 1964-1zd. AN Arm SSR, 1965. 6. Kaplan, S.D., (ed), Extraterrestrial Civilizations (Problems of Interstellar Communication), NASA TT F-631 (1971). 7. Drake, F.D., Intelligent Life in Space, Macmillan, 1967. 8. Sullivan, W., We are not Alone, McGraw-Hill, 1966. 9. Mallove, E.F., and Forward, R.L., Bibliography of Interstellar Flight, Hughes Research Lab Report No. 439. 10. Saslaw, W., and Jacobs, K., (eds), The Emerging Universe, University Press of Virginia (1972). 11. Rassool, S.I., Physics of the Solar System, NASA SP300, (1972). 12. Gerstenkorn, H., Uber die Gezeitenreibung beim Zweikorperproblem, Z. Astrophys. 36, 245 (1955). 13. Goldreich, P., History of the Lunar Orbit, Rev. Geophysic 4, 411 ( t 966). 14. Oparin, A.I., Life: its nature, origin and development. Oliver and Boyd, London (1961). 15. Miller, S.L., Production of some organic compounds under possible primitive earth conditions., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 77, 2351-61 (1955). 16. Ponnamperuma, C., & Gabel, N.W., Current status of chemical studies on the origin of life. Space Life Sciences, 1, 64-96 (1968). ! 7. Anbar, M., Cavitations during impact of liquid water on water: geochemical implications. Science, 161, 1343-44 (1968). 18. Hodgson, G.W., and Ponnamperuma, C., Prebiotic porphyrin genesis-porphyrins from electric discharge in methane, ammonia and water vapor. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S., 59, 22-28 (1968). 19. Barghoorn, E.S., and Schopf, J.W., Microorganisms three billion years old from the early preCambrian of South Africa. Science, 156, 508-512 (1967). 20. Schrodinger, E., What is Life? Macmillan, New York (1946). 21. Oehler, D.Z., Schopf, J.W., and Kvenvolden, K.A., Carbon isotopic studies of organic matter in preCambrian rocks. Science, 175, 1246-1248 (1972). 22. Darwin, C., Origin of Species, J. Murray, London (1859). 23. Schmidt, M., The Rate of Star Formation, Astrophysical Journal, vol. 129, Number 2, page 243 (1959). 24. Schmidt, M., The Rate of Star Formation, II Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 137, Number 3, page 759 (1963). 25. Kreifeldt, J.G., A formulation for the number of communicative civilizations in the Galaxy, Icarus, Vol. 14, No. 3, p. 419-30 (June 1971). 26. Von Hoerner, S., The Search for Signals From Other Civilizations, Interstellar Communication, A.G.W. Cameron (ed), W.A. Benjamin, Inc., New York (1963) pages 272 et seq. 28
3. SOME REASONS FOR THE SEARCH It is clear that establishing contact with intelligent life on another world is a major undertaking involving expenditures comparable to those of the Apollo program. There are many reasons for mounting an effort on this scale, but most if not all of them are based upon the assumption that the human race will survive as a socially and scientifically evolving species for a very long time. If this is not true, if our society is going to exhaust our mineral and fuel reserves, or overpopulate our planet, or extinguish itself through atomic war in the next few decades, or centuries, or even millennia, then there is very little reason other than curiosity to carry out the quest. Indeed, there is very little reason to carry out, on any large-scale, socially supported programs such as our present space program or research into biochemistry, medicine, cosmology, particle physics, or the mysteries of the brain, if today's world-the product of four and one half billion years of evolution on Earth-is the end of the road. Rather, like so many of our youth are doing to our distress, we should drink our nepenthe, turn inward to lives of sensuality and subjectivity, and only occasionally weep for glory unattained. Underlying the quest for other intelligent life is the assumption that man is not at the peak of his evolutionary development, that in fact he may be very far from it, and that he can survive long enough to inherit a future as far beyond our comprehension as the present world would have been to Cro-Magnon man. To do this, man must, of course, solve the ecological problems that face him. These are of immediate and compelling importance and their solution must not be delayed, nor effort to solve them be diminished, by overexpenditures in other areas. But if the cost of the quest is, in one sense, competitive with the cost of solving ecological problems, we can nevertheless do both; and, in a larger sense, the quest gives more significance to survival and therefore places more, not less, emphasis on ecology. The two are intimately related, for if we can survive (and evolve) for another aeon the chances are that many other races have also, and this reduces the problem of making contact. CONTINUING ADVENTURE The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought an excitement and stimulation that we are prone to forget today. The discovery of the New World, the circumnavigation of the Earth, and the development of trade routes to the East brought cultures into contact that had long been isolated. There followed a period of trade and cultural enrichment in which change and growth were much more rapid than in the centuries before. With the explorations of the last three centuries, and particularly with the advent of modern technology, there are no longer any significant frontiers on earth for geographic or cultural discovery. But the tradition of cultural expansion is still strong, still exciting. To a considerable extent the possibility of exploring other planets, of possibly finding them habitable, or of finding other life there led to the enthusiastic support of the space program. When the surface temperature of Venus was found to be too hot for life and when the Mariner photos showed the surface of Mars to be too similar to that of the airless Moon to cause one to expect advanced life there, the conviction grew that except for Earth itself the solar system is probably barren. Our planet seen from space was so beautiful to behold, so in contrast to the scarred faces of the Moon or Mars that the importance of saving our own world before exploring others grew larger in the popular mind. Support for the space program dwindled, and the clamor for ecology grew. 29
Page 1 and 2: (NASA-CR- 11_5) PROJECT CYCLOPS: A
Page 3 and 4: CR 114445 Available to the public A
Page 6 and 7: At this very minute, with almost ab
Page 8 and 9: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Cyclops study w
Page 10 and 11: COMMUNICATION BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WA
Page 12 and 13: APPENDIX A - Astronomical Data ....
Page 14 and 15: t _ 2
Page 16 and 17: of the living beings evolved by the
Page 18 and 19: Figure2-1. M3I,the great galaxy in
Page 20 and 21: self.Thus,wecaninterpretFigure2-2as
Page 22 and 23: magnitude (low brightness) end, the
Page 24 and 25: Red Giant. The transition from main
Page 26 and 27: tion, as the central part of the cl
Page 28 and 29: TABLE 2-4 SELECTED NEARBY STARS WIT
Page 30 and 31: tideraisingforcesasr--_ where ,v =
Page 32 and 33: 3. Is it possible that living syste
Page 34 and 35: lawsof natural selection, more like
Page 36 and 37: starsthroughout the Galaxyhave also
Page 38 and 39: if the longevity of that life is ty
Page 42 and 43: Lookingfar ahead,supposewe aresucce
Page 44 and 45: usuallyterritorial expansion by the
Page 46 and 47: IOO IO 1 [ [ J [ J I J i [ i I i I
Page 48 and 49: order with what Morrison has descri
Page 50 and 51: The quantity gtPt is often called t
Page 52 and 53: which might result from synchronous
Page 54 and 55: 1. Wewillnothavenough resolving pow
Page 56 and 57: normalwith the meanat o x/--2. When
Page 58 and 59: Chapter11 in analyzingthe dataproce
Page 60 and 61: Therangelimitisthenfoundbyequating_
Page 62 and 63: TABLE 5-3 PARAMETER Wavelength Tran
Page 64 and 65: angeanddirectlyasthesquareof antenn
Page 66 and 67: "_ i i i i i p = STELLAR DENSITY AT
Page 68 and 69: I-- g u. O >- I--- .d tit (]O 0 0.
Page 70 and 71: andwidth that will still give near
Page 72 and 73: acquisitionphasefor otherraces.Supp
Page 74 and 75: 1. They would transmit continuously
Page 76 and 77: and ¢-Ceti. No signals were detect
Page 79 and 80: vz .i g)mo PAGE NOr Ir[[,MZ 7. THE
Page 81 and 82: The price of incomplete sky coverag
Page 83 and 84: modest size.A largedatabaseontapeor
Page 85 and 86: THEAUXILIARYOPTICALSYSTEM Althoughn
Page 88 and 89: edetectedat 20,000light-years byCyc
Page 90 and 91:
feeds must correct for spherical ab
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side of the dish and shade on the o
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TABLE 8-1 UNADJUSTED UNIT COST DATA
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7. Using huge specially designed ji
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9. THE RECEIVER SYSTEM The receiver
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whereP is the radiated power. Divid
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SHADOWED AREA SHADOWED AREA // // /
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Corrugatedhornssupportingbalancedhy
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o 50 ----- - _ T i 20 _,o 5 ,,,5 09
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TABLk ?- I A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS
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CENTRAL POINT STATION LSB LINE FREQ
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A02 .... + No (25) (i C 1 where No
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COAXIAL LINE DIRECTIONALCOUPLER FRE
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DeJager, J.T.:IEEETrans.onMicrowave
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pR_ING PA6E BLANK HOT FILMF_ 10. TR
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o-------------o_ _ o o o o ing of t
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addedto theother IF channel. The tw
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INPUT MHZ _PF 500 MHZ i : 575 T1 92
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azimuth _) has a delay (2a/c)sin 0
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stripline. For 2 _< k _< 6, appropr
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mation are common to all antennas i
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A cable pair costs about 20 cents/m
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11. SIGNAL PROCESSING The Cyclops s
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1.0 T t t I I r .9 -8 asynchronousl
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collimated coherent light. A simple
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power of the film and associated op
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samples simultaneously onto the sam
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outputs is assumed. COMPOSITE SIGNA
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SPECTRUM I n LINES M n LINES U SPEC
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signal andyet have a tolerable fals
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i --_- i i i i large values of n. T
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plottedin Figure11-15for various va
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All the1Fsignalswillarrivein phasei
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x:(1 +x) x 2 - _ -- (53) If we wish
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3's = unitcostof signal planelectro
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where0ma x is the maximum value of
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Roughestimates of the costs of buil
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12. CYCLOPS AS A BEACON Although th
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13. SEARCH STRATEGY The high direct
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distantgalaxies (oraninertialrefere
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wouldfollowtheuppermost linein Figu
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persquaredegreeof fieldwouldberequi
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starsfrom/'18 to G5 could support a
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14. CYCLOPS AS A RESEARCH TOOL Thro
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Only a few such galaxies have been
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15. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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perhapsdecadesand possiblycenturies
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APPENDIX A ASTRONOMICAL DATA DISTAN
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PLANETARY Planet ORBITS Semimajor S
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APPENDIX B SUPERCIVILIZATIONS AND C
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ABIOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONS Many writ
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182
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tqOT APPENDIX C OPTIMUM DETECTION A
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to rmsnoise.Wenotethatthematchedfil
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APPENDIX D SQUARE LAW DETECTION THE
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If the output filter is very wide c
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if B/2 > T we can start instead wit
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Let us now introduce the normalized
Page 207 and 208:
where h-- = expectation count of si
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APPENDIXE RESPONSE OF A GAUSSIAN FI
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APPENDIXF BASE STRUCTURES AZ-EL BAS
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ack,it shouldnotbenecessary to prov
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204
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206 i
Page 219 and 220:
PAGE BLANK NOT APPENDIX H POLARIZAT
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APPENDIX I CASSEGRAINIAN GEOMETRY C
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APPENDIXJ PHASINGOFTHE LOCALOSCILLA
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APPENDIXK EFFECTOF DISPERSION IN CO
Page 227 and 228:
APPENDIX L TUNNEL AND CABLE LENGTHS
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where r = "Ym/'rs- If we let o-_--o
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L-4 we see that the length of IF ca
Page 233 and 234:
APPENDIX M PHASING AND TIME DELAY A
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andobtain V = 2 (Ps [! + _(Ar)] +Pn
Page 237 and 238:
L" D 226
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APPENDIX N SYSTEM CALIBRATION The p
Page 241 and 242:
APPENDIXO THE OPTICAL SPECTRUM ANAL
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232
Page 245 and 246:
APPENDIX P LUMPED CONSTANT DELAY LI
Page 247 and 248:
Thevalueofthefinalcoilonthelineis =
Page 249 and 250:
APPENDIXQ CURVES OF DETECTION STATI
Page 251 and 252:
I I I I LE :E oo
Page 253 and 254:
APPENDIX R RADIO VISIBILITY OF NORM
Page 255:
io 3 - l rlrllll I I I ]l+,ll_ I _f
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