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Evaluating CPU utilization Traditionally, evaluating CPU utilization has been a simple exercise. It is sufficient to measure the amount of time a CPU is busy in a given interval. With multiple processor systems, the utilization on all CPUs is averaged to provide a single figure. When sharing resources, a different approach is required and the <strong>POWER</strong>5 processor includes the new PURR register to measure CPU usage in a virtualized environment. Using shared processors in the PURR register and system monitoring is discussed in 5.5, “Monitoring a virtualized environment” on page 321. Just because a CPU is close to or above 100% utilization in an uncapped, shared-processor partition does not necessarily indicate that there is shortage of CPU resources. It simply indicates that this partition is receiving more than its entitlement (guaranteed minimum). PLM and WLM use different strategies for evaluating the CPU load within a partition. WLM measures resource utilization to determine if priorities need adjusting. PLM uses load because the resource utilization does not tell you if you need more resources. PLM PLM uses a figure called the load average. This gives an indication of the average length of the AIX 5L run queue over an interval of time (these are similar to the figures given in the first line of the w and uptime commands for 1, 5, and 15 minute intervals). PLM uses a weighted-average window, which allows it to cater for both short-term spikes and long-term trends, and normalizes the figure to the number of configured logical processors. The lsrsrc -Ad IBM.LPAR command displays the load average value used by PLM. WLM WLM periodically examines the real resources of the whole system and each of the WLM classes. If the CPU resources are not fully used, then WLM will not intervene. When the CPU occupation starts approaching 100%, WLM will start adjusting the priorities of all the processes in the classes so that the real CPU usage of each class approaches the specified target. In the case of uncapped shared processor partitions, the class CPU consumption is calculated based on the CPU time of the partition: consumation(CLASS) = cpu_time(CLASS) --------------------------------------------------------- cpu_time(PARTITION) 434 <strong>Advanced</strong> <strong>POWER</strong> <strong>Virtualization</strong> on IBM System p5
WLM’s resource usage figure will never exceed 100%. WLM and dynamic re-configuration WLM is dynamic LPAR aware. It will automatically recalculate the resource usage targets as resources are added and removed from a partition. 6.6.3 Managing CPU resources This section describes how PLM and WLM treat virtual processors in uncapped, shared-processor partitions. There are no special considerations for dedicated partitions, and capped, shared-processor partitions behave in much the same way as dedicated-processor partitions. PLM and uncapped virtual processors When the CPU load average in a partition managed by PLM rises through the PLM threshold, PLM will first attempt to increase the entitlement of the partition concerned and subsequently increase the number of virtual processors as appropriate if the condition persists, based on the active policy. There are two tunable parameters in a policy that affect the addition and removal of virtual processors: ► Minimum entitlement per virtual processor ► Maximum entitlement per virtual processor Whenever the entitlement is changed, PLM will add or remove the processing capacity specified by the entitled capacity delta tunable. When adding entitlement PLM, if the new entitlement per processor exceeds the maximum entitlement per virtual processor, PLM will add one or more virtual processors to the partition. When removing entitlement, if the new entitlement is lower than the minimum entitlement per virtual processor, PLM will remove one or more virtual processors to the partition. WLM and virtual processors Resource sets, along with the bindprocessor command and system call, allow processes and WLM classes (applications) to be bound to processors. This hard locality is usually done to ensure that the processor caches are kept hot with the applications data, thus improving performance. Chapter 6. Partition Load Manager 435
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Front cover Advanced</stron
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Note: Before using this information
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2.1 New features in Version 1.3 of
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4.4.2 Configuration on the Virtual
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6.6.4 Managing memory resources . .
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3-9 Processing sharing mode and the
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5-14 Status window . . . . . . . .
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xiv Advanced <stro
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xvi Advanced <stro
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any form without payment to IBM, fo
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The team that wrote this redbook Th
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xxii Advanced <str
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- Additional information about the
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management” on page 257 discusses
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1.1.5 Virtual LAN 1.1.6 Virtual I/O
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The service processor provides the
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Adapter sparing Adapter sparing can
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1.4.1 IBM AIX 5L for System p5 syst
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Note: i5/OS partitions are only sup
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Function / capability IBM System z9
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1.6 The value of the Advanc
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18 Advanced <stron
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2.1 New features in Version 1.3 of
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► throughput and performance. For
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► IVM enhancements Industry leadi
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Shared Ethernet Adapter failover ca
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the partition. This allows you to c
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Figure 2-2 ASMI menu to enable the
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management interface for systems wi
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When setting up a partition, you ha
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partition with 0.50 processing unit
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processors and the other a single o
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Figure 2-5 shows the usage of the s
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2.4.5 Dynamic partitioning Partitio
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Number of virtual processors In gen
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The benefit of SMT is greatest wher
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Setting SMT mode using SMIT Use the
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The Hypervisor firmware and the hos
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Partition 2 is configured with one
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Note: The Virtual I/O Server suppor
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Most ISVs consider partitions with
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When a partition is running as unca
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► ► ► Selected IBM software p
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Shared pool = 4 CPU Sum EC = 3.0 PU
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For more information about the use
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Table 2-5 Licensing estimation for
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Maximum virtual processors used Cap
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2.8 Virtual and Shared Ethernet int
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► VLAN 2 - Node A-2 - Node B-3 -
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VLAN support in AIX 5L is based on
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2. Tagged port receives a packet ta
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page 78. EtherChannel and Link Aggr
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Note: In this type of configuration
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Figure 2-18 Shared Ethernet Adapter
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Other aspects that have to be taken
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► Only packets for the VLAN speci
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► Packets tagged with a VLAN othe
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► The value proposition enabling
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Figure 2-21 Virtual SCSI architectu
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Figure 2-23 and Figure 2-24 show th
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4. In the Virtual I/O Server, vios1
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The following are the steps to unco
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► ► A logical volume on the Vir
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I/O configuration, performance is a
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Hardware management is done by an H
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VMC allows IVM to provide basic log
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Virtual TTY In order to allow LPAR
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2.13.1 Linux device drivers for IBM
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Mirroring Linux can mirror disks by
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Figure 2-29 Bridging a virtual and
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116 Advanced <stro
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3.1 Getting started This section pr
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lspath mkpath mkvdev mkvt rmdev rmp
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3.1.2 Hardware resources managed Th
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3.2 Creating a Virtual I/O Server p
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3. Enter the partition name and ID
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5. You have the option to change th
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7. Select the Shared check box for
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9. Specify the processing sharing m
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11.Skip setting the I/O pools, as s
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2. Click the Create adapter button
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5. Add a virtual SCSI adapter to vi
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7. Select Normal for your boot mode
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A few seconds after the status wind
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3. Select the VIO_Server1 profile a
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You are now ready to use the newly
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3. Specify the Maximum virtual adap
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You can use the lsmap -all -net com
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2. Select the check box AIX or Linu
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2. Click Create client adapter. The
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4. Click Create server adapter and
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6. When the operation is complete,
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9. When you have completed adding v
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Server SCSI adapters have been adde
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Using logical partitions In our bas
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Note: Based on the lsdev -vpd comma
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It is useful to be able to map the
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Assuming that a NIM master is confi
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3. Set up the NIM master IP address
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3.4.6 Mirroring the Virtual I/O Ser
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Once the interaction between virtua
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Figure 3-45 shows the steps to crea
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Ethernet server adapter and a physi
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4.1 Providing higher serviceability
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Figure 4-1 MPIO and LV Mirroring wi
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Some advanced topics with respect t
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While EC is an Cisco-specific imple
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Alternatives for network high avail
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Figure 4-6 IP multipathing in the c
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SEA Failover works as follows: Two
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Although the alternative configurat
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► With NIB, the two internal netw
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In Figure 4-11 on page 201, a clien
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When Virtual I/O Server 2 returns t
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few cycles to set up, but none for
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4.1.7 Considerations The following
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. On step 10, allocate an unused Et
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7. Check the devices list on your V
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Figure 4-17 shows the intended solu
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. Click the Create Adapter button,
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Tip: Mismatching SEA and SEA Failov
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Checking which SEA is active Checki
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In this scenario, we attach each Vi
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2. Configure the SEA, as described
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5. Check for the vhost adapter usin
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8. Check again, using the lsdev com
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Check the mappings, as shown in Exa
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2. Check the MPIO configuration by
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To determine which path will use th
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7. On the first LPAR, create an enh
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A switch can be forced with the /us
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The configurations described in thi
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We recommend using mirroring, strip
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Supported multi-path configurations
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Supported scenarios using one Virtu
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Supported scenarios using multiple
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4.7.2 Supported Ethernet configurat
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In order to help clients improve th
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Clients can find the fixes and file
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Figure 4-35 shows the basic conside
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256 Advanced <stro
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5.1 Dynamic LPAR operations This se
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5. Figure 5-3 shows you the Virtual
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another partition. Use the lsslot -
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2. Select the adapter to be moved a
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5.1.3 Add memory dynamically in AIX
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5.1.4 Removing memory dynamically T
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The following command shows the eff
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2. Figure 5-17 shows the current pr
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et1 Defined 01-09 IEEE 802.3 Ethern
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1. Use the diagmenu command to unco
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5. Locate the blinking adapter, rep
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► Figure 5-19 shows you the topol
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Example 5-4 shows how to back up th
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Example 5-6 Creating a Virtual I/O
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5.2.5 Restoring the Virtual I/O Ser
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For an AIX 5L NIM server recovery,
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To view the System Plan, Select Sys
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In Example 5-11, we look to the map
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The last information we need is the
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In a mirrored environment, issue th
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Figure 5-23 shows that the virtual
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csm.diagnostics 1.5.0.0 # Cluster S
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os.txt.spell 5.3.0.10 # Writer's To
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hd3 jfs2 1 2 2 open/syncd /tmp hd1
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Adding a PCI hot plug adapter The t
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The following is a list of empty SC
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After the disk is replaced and brou
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2. Get a larger disk from the Virtu
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The updateios command does not comm
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Note: You can use dsh based on rsh,
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2 Checking if Redundancy with dual
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STATUS=`lspath -l $n | grep Failed
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Traditional performance measurement
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CPU statistics in shared-processors
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This is shown in Example 5-22 and E
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5.5.4 The topas command The topas c
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capped, and uncapped. The Mem and t
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Tip: The output of topas -cecdisp w
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These files can now be processed wi
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interval and count parameters. The
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The lparstat command POWER<
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Note: The variable capacity weight
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Column Measured parameter Comments
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The sysstat command The sysstat com
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write: wps avgserv minserv maxserv
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5.5.7 Monitoring with PLM The Parti
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Use the perfwb command to start the
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Using the r and p switches after st
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The nmon process runs in the backgr
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The POWER Hypervis
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5.7 Security considerations for Vir
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The firewall can be switched on and
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Enable mail client (dismaildmndls):
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Network option extendednetstats (ex
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Enable unsecure daemons (disrmtdmns
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Minimum number of chars (mindiffhls
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370 Advanced <stro
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6.1 Partition Load Manager introduc
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Notes: ► The PLM server may resid
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When PLM is notified that a partiti
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6.1.4 Memory management PLM manages
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However, the managed nodes know not
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sh and rcp During its installation,
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Page 418 and 419: Table 6-2 CPU-related tunables CPU
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Page 422 and 423: 1. Start the Web-based System Manag
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Page 440 and 441: In its short form, the xlplm -Q com
Page 442 and 443: 6.3 Point-in-time and recurring rec
Page 444 and 445: Select the type of operation you wi
Page 446 and 447: 6.4 Tips and troubleshooting PLM Th
Page 448 and 449: Note: Exchanging keys is an importa
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Page 454 and 455: ► ► PLM does not directly state
Page 456 and 457: 6.6 Resource management Owners of I
Page 458 and 459: Characteristics of WLM, PLM, and sh
Page 462 and 463: Shared-processor partitions support
Page 464 and 465: 438 Advanced <stro
Page 466 and 467: FDX FLOP FRU FTP GDPS GID GPFS GUI
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Page 470 and 471: Other publications These publicatio
Page 472 and 473: ► ► ► ► Virtual I/O Server
Page 474 and 475: cfgdev command 163, 203, 264 cfgmgr
Page 476 and 477: excess weight, PLM 376 extendlv com
Page 478 and 479: Micro-Partitioning 3, 32-33 49 capp
Page 480 and 481: processor dispatch 43, 50 processor
Page 482 and 483: VIO 59 virtual processor 61 mainten
Page 484 and 485: target 90, 92 virtual SCSI Server a
Page 488: Back cover Advanced</strong
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