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But for this, the sinking economy of the maritime Muslim people of the area would have come to a near collapse. Thus the Danes rendered a timely help to the Coromandel Muslim maritime tradersI5#. The English purchased the Danish settlement of Tranquebar in 1845 and thereafter the commercial importance of Tranquebar declined. After 1845 Nagapattanam gained commercial importance ar a main port. V. - V - THE ENGUSH The English East lndia Company emerged from a humble beginning, rose to height of opulance and power in India. Throughout the period of our study, the English East lndia Company and the British power continued and make their presence felt in the political and commercial history of Coromandel. The maritime activities of the Muslims met with many fluctuations under the English and finally they were reduced to insignificance. With the firm establishment of the English the maritime Muslims once dominated the ocean trade from the Coromandel region were pushed back to the status of pew traders. At the beginning of the period of our study, the two major European powers, the Dutch and the English reacted to the political turmoil keeping in view their own interests and the opportunities that came their way and were ready to defend their trading rights. The English were strong in and around Madras and Cuddalore. The Dutch were concentrated in the Madura Bay and Pak Straits adjucent to Ceylon. The native powers also responded suitably, opening the doors for the ascendancy of these European powers which ultimately subordinated them politically and economically155. The English entered into Coromandel trade as early as 1614166. They established a factory at Pulicat in 1619, but the trade was not profitable due to Dutch competition and the factory was closed in 1623157. Their first attempt to establish a factory at Thanjavur Nayak's territory did not materialise. In 1624 the English negotiated with the Thanjavur Nayak for favours and privileges. The negotiations broke down due to the greedy demands of the Nayakl68. Viriddhagirisan attributes the failure to the intrigues of the Danes who were enjoying considerable Influence in Nayak's
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St. Goerge) was founded in 164OL60. The weak Vijayanagar administration had given substancial concessions and by 1650 the English had a port settlement at Madras. When this part of territoy was overrun by the Gokonda, the Sultan confirmed in 1672 an autonamous administration to the English in Fort. St. George areaL61. By another farman, the village of Triplicane was added'bz In 1689, the administration of Madras area passed on to the Mughals from Gokonda rulers. The Mughal general Zulphikar Khan confirmed all the earlier concessions to the English1". In 1690, he granted the remission of the annual rent to thelr Madrar settlement. More towns and villages near Madras were given on lease. The English were also permitted to mint coins in the name of the emperor'". In later years, more villages were rented to the English by Zulphikar Khan. Thus the Muslim conquest of the Coromandel brought the tide of fortune in favour of the English. The Maratha subedar of PortoNovo issued a cowl to the English in 1682 and they were allowed to settle and trade from PortoNovo, Cuddalore and K~nimedu'~. The English purchased the old fort of Devanampattinam from the Maratha ruler of Ginjee in 1690, along with some surrounding villages, including the port of Cuddalore and Manjakuppam. Devanarnpattanam old fort was demolished and a new fort, the Fort St. David, was const~cted at that site. The Dutch had a factory at Devanampattanam and they protested over the concessions to the English. But the English asserted their rights and the Dutch trade ruined In Devanampattanamlb'. Dawood Khan was appointed as the Nawab of Carnatic in 1700. He blockaded all the English factories and prohibited their trade, The English settled the matter with Dawood Khan paying a heavy sum167. At the death of Aurangazeb, the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah ( sha Alam) was engaged in a war of succession. For getting the assistance of Engllsh against his rival contender, he granted five more villages around Madras
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
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There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
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Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
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trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
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In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
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SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52: wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54: Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56: to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58: which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60: Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62: inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64: No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72: 80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74: Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98: to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 105 and 106: The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108: Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110: for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112: and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114: Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116: C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118: S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120: 130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122: 191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124: in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126: The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128: found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130: His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154:
and there were no Marakkayar trader
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Thus it will be seen tha there was
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Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
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The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
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was fished in the coastal belt of T
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At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166:
A considerable population of Muslim
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withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172:
On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
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in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
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and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
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Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
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the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
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equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
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On arrival at the bride's residence
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at present. In many families among
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and hw described about each and eve
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tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
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Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
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Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
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The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217:
The girls were married at a very ea
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The Muslims attach much importance
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and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225:
The worship that takes place in the
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Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
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think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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