maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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Hornel, James, " lndian Pearl fishery in the Gulf of Manaar and Palk Bay, '' Madras fishery Bulletin No. XVI 1922, " The Chank shell in ancient lndian life and religion". QJMS 4 ( Bangalore. 1913) lndra Pala, K., The Role of Peninsular lndian Muslim Communities in lndian Ocean Trade ''Muslims of Srilanka ( ed) M.M. Shukri, ( Srilanka, 1986) Jayarajan. 'T., " Soclal and Economic Customs and Practices of Marakkayars of Tamil Nadu A study of Marakkayar of Adirampattanam " Unpublished M.Phll, Thesis. Bharathidasan University. Tiruchlrappalli 1990. Karashima, Noburu., " lndian Commercial actlvitles In Ancient Medieval Southeast Asia". paper presented in the Plenary Session of 8th World Tamil Conference Seminar, ThanJawrl995 Knowiton, J.R., " Portuguese Tamil Linguistic contacts, " Proceedings of the first international conference seminar of Tamil studies, Kulalampore, 1968. Kotalawale, D.A., " Muslims under Dutch rule in Srilanka 1638-1769", Muslims of Srilanka, (ed) M.M. Shukrl ( Srilanka, 1986) Krishnamurthy, B., " The French East India Company and the Indigenous Merchant Commun~ty in the Coromandel, during seventeenth and eighteenth century." paper presented in the second International symposium on Maritime studies, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, Dec. 1991. LaWlmi, S.G., " TamU Muslim in Srilanka," unpublished M.PhU Thesis, University of Madras, 1984. Mattison Mines, " Muslim merchants, The economic behaviour of the lndlan Muslim Community." SrI Ram centre for lndusrtrial Relations and Human Resources , (New Delhi, 1972) Mattison Mines, " Social stratification among the Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India, " Castes and social Statidcation among the Muslims in India. (ed) Imtiaz Ahamed, (New Delhi, 1978) Mathew, K.S., " Trade in lndian Ocean during the 16th century and the Portuguese. " Paper presented in the lnternational symposium on Maritime History. Pondicherry University, Pondicherry 1989. Meeran Pillai, M.M.. " Arabic Tamilln Totram", Souvenlr of the Fifth lnternational Conference seminar of Islamic Tamil Literature. Kilakkarai, 1990. Mohamed Tlppoo. " Observations on the origin and ceremonies of the Muharrum. " Madras Journal of Literature and Science 9:2 ( 1835) Mosses, S.T, " The Muhammadans of Pulicat, " Man in India 3. ( 1923) Pearson.M.N., " Pious passengers - Motivation for the Haj from Early Modern India, " paper presented in the International Symposium on Maritime History, Pondicherry University, Feb. 1989 Raja Mohanlad, J., " Cholamandala Kadarkaral Marakkayarkalin Kadal Vaniba Varalaru," Paper presented in the 5th lnternational Islamic Tamil Literary conference seminar Kilakkarai 1990, and published In the Research Bullteln of the Conference. Keelakaral 1990; " lslamicvestlges and culture in the history of Tlruchlrappalli." Paper presented in the seminar organlsed by the Department of Museums, Tiruchirapalli 1984; " Worship In Darghas and cultural assimilation," Paper presented in the seminar of the society of the tiistorlcal Studies, Tiruchirappalli. October 1982;" Marakkayars the Maritime people of Coromandel Coast Trade and Economy1750 - 1900," Paper presented In the 8th lnternational Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, Thanjawr January, 1995.;" PortoNovo port in Southeast Asian trade and it's maritime Muslim community, " paper prcrented in the 2nd conference of Tamll Nadu Hlstory congrou. Annamalal Untvenlty, August 1995.; " lslamlc Archltedure in TamU Nadu " Project Report submitted to the Nehru Truct, for lndian collections at Victoria and Albert Meseums under small study research grant 1996
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irldia", SoLlIh Indian Shdies. Sayeed. A.R , " Indian Muslims and some problems of modernisation. '' Dimenflons of Social changes In India, (ed) M.N. Srinivas (New Delhi, 1977) Scammel, G.V.. " The Pattern of European Trade in Indian Ocean. C. 1500- 1700. '' paper presented in the first lnternational symposium on Maritime History, Pondicherry University, Pondlcherry. Feb. 1989. Seeralan. N., " A Survey of Ports and Harbours in Madras Presidency 1858-1900. " unpublished M. Phil. Thesls Bharathidasan University, Tlruchirappalli - 1987. Sllva. De. C R . " Musllm Traders In Indian Oceari 11, ltte slxtarr~iti csrdury and the Portuguese Inipc~rl. " MII;~~/IIIS b~ .'+lln/rkrt, ( cd) M M Slwktl Smnrwa " A note on Pertathambi lukrakkayar, the 17th Centwy commemial Magnate. ''TdCumue vol XI, no 1, Madras 1974; Won m Indian man Tnde 15001800," bda and bwh Oaean 1500 - 1800 (ed) Mindas Gupta and M N Pearson. Cukuda, 1987: " Commed pdidg of Sethwthis of R mathapuam. 16601690. Raeedings of the second Intematkd uxlferenoe zembr of Tamll Shdies 1967: IMch Eart India Company and the Kn$m d Mdml 16601700, " TamilaJhoe wl X, Madras 1963, '' Poks and socieiy in Tad M u 1600 - 1800. A viAv in Hirtorkd PerspdAe. ' Proceedings of the7hird International Conferare sembar of Tamil stxk. Sahenir, Piuis, 1970: " Slave Trade in the 17th centuy." Paper present& m the second htemnal Synnpcsium on Mantime Shdles, Pondkheq Unhr;m/. P o ~ n y Cez . 1991; " Coma. Merchants and Enireprenewship in the Tad Counby 18th Centmy,'' paper presented in the 8th Worid Tamil Conrference Seminar of ~amll sh. n~)a~. 1995. .$mzck and Irtep&Lim of Hommu& AKG Ahmi namln M&ya Khao Bhahm(l h Mdm Legirbbie rrmnd! %dsamhn Press. (Madras, 1920) Stephen, F. Dale., " Recent Researches on the Islamic communities of Peninsular India. ' S%f& io M M. Anthdqv of Rapnt Resevd, and .%&ship (ed) Robed Ftykenberg and PaUlin Kohda ( Madras. 1985) Subramaniyan, Sanjay.. " Stay on, The Portuguese of Southern Coromandel in the late sewnteonth centur)l, " lndLvl Gonom and .%&I H&op Redew. New Delhi, 1985. Subramaniyan, Sanjay, and David Shalman, " Prince of poets and ports, Chithakkathi, the W y a r of Ramnad. 1690-1710. Subbarayalu, Y. "Sumathravil Thamizh Kalvettukal". Aavanam. (Journal of Tamil Nadu Archelogical Society. Thanjawr) No. IV. 1994. Suharwardy, H , " The life and works of the Muslim sufis of Tamil Nadu with special reference to Urdu Literature. " ( Unpublished script) Sulaiman Nadvl, " Comrnerclal Relation of India with Arabia. " /.ark Nlhue, vol. MI, April 1933. and Vol. WI 1934. Syod Atdul Ramck, " Social and cultural life of carnatic Nawabs and Nobles as gleaned through perrlySource~ 1746- 1885, unpublished M.PhU, Thesls, University of Madras. 1988. 'Thlrumalal. R., A Ship Song in the Late 18th Century ( in TamU) Paper presented in the lnternational symposium on marltime History, Pondichem/ University, 1989. Yorhoeven. J.R.. '' Some notes on the Tamil Community in Dutch Malacca 1641-1855. " F'roceedings of the first lnternatlonal conference Seminar of TamU studies vol. I, April 1968 White. R., " An auount of Harbour In Tutico~, " Msdras Jwnal of Uterahue and be, (October 1886) WInus, George, D., The Shadow Empire of Goa in the Bay of Bengal, " ltenerario vol. 2 1983
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6:
J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8:
Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78:
the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82:
In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86:
An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108:
Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110:
for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122:
191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124:
in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132:
The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134:
MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136:
Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138:
Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140:
When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142:
S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144:
The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146:
Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148:
Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150:
He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152:
At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154:
and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156:
Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158:
Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160:
The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162:
was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164:
At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166:
A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168:
withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170:
weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172:
On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174:
in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176:
and others they could not get inter
Page 177:
There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183:
Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185:
Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195:
the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197:
equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201:
On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203:
at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205:
and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207:
tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209:
Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211:
Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240: Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242: Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244: Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246: The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248: think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250: &@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252: Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256: Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258: Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260: Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261: WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
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