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Grain was an important commodity in Coromandel coastal trade and lndo - Ceylon- Malabar trade. Increase of customs duty on grains was injurious to these trading activities and it declined in course of time. The value of coastal trade in Madras Presidency in 1805 was Rs. 2075339 / - but in 1845-46 it was only Rs.362534 /-. In the course of nineteenth century, the minor ports along the stretch of the Coromandel Coast were neglected. There were no dockyard for landing or repairing facilities. Bigger vessels could not call on these ports. The District collectors suggested to enlarge the facilities in these ports. The officials in Fort St.George were sleeping over the recommendations of the officials in the district adrn!nistration. The Madhyar ports on the Coromandel had to starve in this score. Moreover, trading activities of the company, were concentrated in Madras and it was not in the reach of the small traderszz2. Heavy duty was imposed on the import of the spices. Hence spices trade declinedZz3.~wther, dnnamone, rbes and other spices were introduced in the gadens of the Company in pbces like Courtalam and the Naris to cater to the local needs. This made the merchants to restrict the import of spices224. The English free merchants, the Nabobs, entered the fray in to the export and import trade, salt tmde, rentorship of fisheries and inland de. They had bigger resources with them and had the blessings and support of the Company. The Muslim merchants could not withstand this compebtion and it brought adverse consequences on them. The prospects of foreign trade of the Coromandel Muslims was linked to the political conditions of the nations with which they were trading. Even during the eighteenth cenntury the kingdoms of Southeast Asia were In a political mess. The Madras based English private merchants offered to help such kings in case of attack by enemy nations. They kept armed men on the shore of these countries for this purpose. For example the king of Ache granted many concession to the English private merchant. Jourdan in 1768, in return for the military help arranged by him. He shipped about 75 Muslim men from Nagore for this purpose. Jourdan also enjoyed the favour of the kingdoms of Kedha for arranging similar help. The Danes in Tranquebar also supplied sepoys to the kingdom of Kedha. Thus trade was preferred by the Southeast Asian Kingdom with traders who assisted them in their defence. The English merchants well utilised such opportunities and readily accepted the invitation for alliance
in defence and tradeZz5. This is an illustration of tho condition which thrust tho political power into the hands of European traders. Thus the Europeans got a preference over the Coromandel Muslim traders even though they were frequenting these coasts for a very long time. In this way the Muslim traders were pushed to a second position in the trade of Southeast Asian countries by the end of the eighteenth century. The various wars fought by the European powers in South Indian soil for supremacy, brought economic instability, among the natives. Money became scarce, there was none to purchase grains and export commodities. The trading vessels of the natives were subjected to hardship at the hands of the opponent European powers. For example in 1798, many ships of Coromandel Muslims were captured by French privateers resulting in great loss of properties. Similarly the English fleets also harassed the native vessels with French or Danish flags and coloun. The Muslims of Nagore, Nagapattanam and PortoNovo were the worst affected during thii period becaw of the hostile operation by the Europeans. The horse trade which was in the hands of the Muslim Rowthars and Marhyars for centuries also slipped into the hands of the English private merchants and they imported small handy and fast ponies from Pegu and Manila. The venue of the horse fair shifted to Hydrabad which became the centre of local horse trade, Thus the Muslims of Kilakkarai and Kayalpattanam lost their lioris shake in horse trade by the end of eighteenth centugZ6. The pearl and chank fisheries suffered due to interference of the European powers. These fisheries became irregular. Even this was conducted to the whims and fancies of the particular power which engaged in them at that time. The vast majority of the coastal Muslim population in the lower strata of the society who were engaged in these fisheries activities were thrown out of employment. Such worken migrated to Ceylon for better Livelihood. Many became fishermen. The pearl and chank merchants had to enter Into other trades. A few of them became gem dealers. A large number of petty merchants, shipping penomel and other labour class migrated to Ceylon and Southeast Asian countries and Burma in penuit of better jobs. Such migrations affected the baknce of Coromandel marttime professional activities and the economic condition of the coastal belt.
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6:
J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78:
the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82:
In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110:
for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122: 191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124: in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126: The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128: found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130: His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181: References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183: Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225:
The worship that takes place in the
Page 226:
Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
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think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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