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References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr. Anne Thomas, ( World Tamil Research Centre. Madras 1981) Stanza. 351. "$Cnni~.$ sbCb(aaig d$gu srnu jg@$It& l@l&+L Ncouun*rd nfl(g$@& unb $L~u&ctr dw$pC dC (blbph ur~b~iu*Oa*r&&k& mqmir)l urmtdh OMiucap%m~$@ 5har OsniL* awwiuml@ alpmuiPJlOuni~& @J ani~dr Ln@C0alb 4(90w ". Vangam, used for long distance voyages across the seas Pathirrupathu. 52; Ahananurn 255; Maduraikanchi, 356. 544 Ahananurn 29, 187. Thl&ural, 496; , brananurn , 66,126; Maduraikanchi ,78, 88; fernmpanarmpadai 319; 321 ; Seevagaslnthamani, 2793; Perumkathai, 36, 162-64; Seevagasinthamani, 967. 7hl1ukkura4 605; Ahananurn ,149; Silappathikaram - Manalyaram 7-8; Seevagasinthamanl; 1231 ; Perumkathai , 42-77- 178; Kalingathuparani , 475. Seevagasjnthamani , 505 Namadeepa Nigandu, Sivasubramaniya Kavirayar (1930 ; Rpt. Tamil University,Thanjavur) Sudamanl nigandu 1915, Divakara nigandu R. Raghavan, Nam Nattu Kappal Kalai ( Madras 1968), p. 76; N. Ethiraj Kappalin Varalaru (Madras 1990) ; Kappal Sastram, Madras Government Oriental Manuscript series No.1 ( The word Kappal appears in usage at a very late period only, and It first finds place in a 17th Century Tamil literary work, Thayumanavar Thlruppadalgal 12: 2 : 7 - 12.) Augeste Toussient, " Shiltlng power balance in Indian Ocean , " Jndian Ocean nb poli~al Economic and Military Importance ( ed) Alwin J. Herol and R.M. Barrel ( New York, 1973) , p.4. K.M. Panikkar, op.cit. p. 23 Grikihl Wassaf; in H.M. Elliot and John Dowson 111, pp. 24-35; S. Krishnasarny lyengar op.;it. p. 69-71; K.A. Nilakanta sastri , Foreign Notices , op.cit. p. 179, S.M Kamal , Islam pp 72-73. K. Indrapala, " The role of Peninsular lndlan Muslim trading communliles In Indian Ocean trade, " Muslim of Srilanka - ( ed) M.M Shukri, ( Sri Lanka 1986) pp. 113-125. ( Here after M.M. Shukri) Susan Bally , op.cit. pp 78-79.
M N. Pearson, Merchants Rulers in Gujarath , pp. 11-12 : D.G.E. Hall, op.cit. p 176 O.K. Nambiar, Kunjali Admlrals of Calicut, ( London 1963), pp. 24-31 Kernial sing Sandhur, op.cit. pp. 25-26 D.G.E. Hall , op.cit. p. 176. .Kernial Singh, op cit. pp. 28-29 D.G.E. Hall , op.cit. pp 181-182. Ibid. pp. 199-201. Kernial Singh, op.cit, pp. 28-29. ibid. S. Arasaratnam , Companies and Commerce, op cit. pp. 100-108. Kling applied to the people of Coromandel - Hobson and Jobson. R.J. Verhoeven, op cit. ; JRASMB 1955 vol. XXVlll p. Ill L. Andaya, Kingdom of Johore. p 70-72 S. Arasaratnam. Companies and Commerce, op cit p 121 lbid pp. 126-127 lbid p. 131. lbid p. 141. On Seethakkathi ( Periathambi Marakkayar) and matters related to him : FSG Diary and consultations book 1686, December 2-9. 1687. January 1-30 ; Van Thomas, Memoirs of Columbo, 1915,pp. 36-37 : David Shalman and Sanlay Subramnaiyan," Pn'nce of poets and ports, Citakkati the Marakkayar of Ramand 1690-1710J" ; Susan Baily pp. 83-84; S.Arasaratnam, Commercial policy; and also A note on Periathambi Marakkayar; NA Atmeer Ali, Vallal Seethiakkathiyin Vazvum Kalamum, S. Mohamed Hussain Nainar ( ed) Seedhakkathi Nondi Natakam ( Madras, 1939) Ka.Mu. Sherif, Vallal Seethakkathi ; N. Abdul Hakkim and N. Abdul Razack, Sethunattu Periathambi vallal sethakkathi ( Madras, 1991 ); S. M. Kamal, Islam and also Sethupathi Mannar Seppedugal ( Ramnad, 1992) ; K S. Abdul Lathiff, Kayalpattanam",( Kayalpattanam 1993) ; Namachivaya Pulavar. Seethakkathi Thirumana Vazthu : letter from Tuticorin to Colombo dated 7.12.1715 in ARA, OB,. VOC, 1865, SI. 989 as quoted by David Shalman and Sanjay Subramaniyan) M.M. Uwise and P.M. AJmalkhan, op.cit. vol. I pp. 425-434. FSG hblic consultations, vol. XXIX, 10th March 1695 ; H.D. Love op.cit v.Il,p.40 B. Andaya, Perak the Abode of Grace ( Kulalampore 1979) p.50 ; L. Andaya, The Kingdom of Johore, p. 208. S. Arasaratnam Companies and Commerce op.cit. p 146. L. Andaya, Johore, op.cit. p. 70. 75-76; B Andaya, " Soudagar Ra]a in Traditional Malay courts", JMBRAS Li - I (a), 1978 p. 157
Page 1 and 2:
MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6:
J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8:
Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76:
to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78:
the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82:
In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84:
V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86:
An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108:
Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110:
for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122:
191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124:
in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130: His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174: in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 182 and 183: Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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