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107, Flfth international lslamlc Tamil literary conference souvenir, Keelakarai, 1990, p. 176 108. Ah -1- Akhd I, pp.190-191; Rear Admiral K. Shran, A mar?bi-mhytory d I& (Government of India, 1982) p.53. 109. S.M. Kamal, lalamum Thamilzgamum op.cit, p.49; A.R.E 392 of 1914; I.L.M. Azeez, op.cit. 41, and particulars collected in field studies. 110. HobsonandJobsonp.159;FSGDiarysodconaJtabbnSoak1734-p.3; S. Arasaratnam. Companies and Commerce, op.cit. 219. 111. Nannoo/, Mayilainathar Urai, p.276. 112. J.R. Vorhwven, " Some notes on the Tamil community in Dutch Malacca, 1641 - 1855 " proceedings of the flrst International Conference Seminar of Tamil studlo., Vol I, Aprll 1968. 113 G.O. Ms. No. 1298 (Public) 17-12-95 Government of Tamil Nadu.
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMANDEL AND IT'S IMPACT ON THE MUSUMS The age of European maritime colonism set in the peninsular India right from the beginning of sixteenth csntury. The Porhrguese who anived first incorporated themselves in the systems in practice in the knd The PwhOusv ruccor exited the cupidity of other Europoana. The Dutch, French, Danes the English too fo!lowd on the footsteps of the Portugwse. All these foreigners were accepted and assigned a place with all protection by the ruling houses. The local rulers adopted the concept of free trade and the maritime zones became more prominent. The colonial powers not only monopolised trade but also the shipping along the Coromandel region and rudly disturbed peace. They also began to encroach the political authority, The entire Coromandel region rapidly got transformed from a peace zone and free trade zone, to zone of msrltlme discard bud upon denlal of free trade and frdom of navigation. The riMLy w not only between the new comers [Europeans] and the native powers but also among the Europeans themsehas. The shuggk continued till the nineteenth centuly when the English emerged as the dominant naval power and a new colonial rule was established that was based upon maritime dominance. The big local power, thevijayanagar, collapsed in the sixteenth centuy and the succeeding states like the Nayakdorns, the Deccani Sultanates and the like were fighting themselves or confronting with the MugM empire and none of them could develop the capacity to challenge the European powers. Finally they succumbed to the naval superiority and financial backing of the English power. In the above trade competitions and race for supremacy the traditional nmitime people, the M h of Cororn~del suffered more than the traders of other communities and the economic blows proved them fatal. A look on the trading actidties of the Europeans in the Coromandel Coast itself will amply testify the plight of the maritime Mwlims of the coast. Hence a sketch on the activities of the colonial powers that stormed the silent waters of Coromandel and in that how the Muslims were wrecked is briefed in this chapter. V-1- PORTUGUESE The anchorage of the galley of Vasco da gama, the Portuguese adventurer, at the port city of Cdicut in 1498, marks the first European presence in the Indian sub continent. It led to the estabkhment
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
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During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23: There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25: The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27: and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29: Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31: community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34: Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36: trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38: acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40: Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42: polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44: In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46: SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50: M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52: wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54: Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56: to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58: which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60: Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62: inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64: No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71: 80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98: to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104: The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106: The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108: Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110: for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112: and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114: Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116: C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118: S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120: 130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122: 191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124:
in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
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The English records from 1686 menti
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MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
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Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
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Some of the Muslim traders were so
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When the amount due to the merchant
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S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
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The decline of opportunities in shi
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Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
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Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
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He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
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and there were no Marakkayar trader
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Thus it will be seen tha there was
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Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160:
The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
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was fished in the coastal belt of T
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At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
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A considerable population of Muslim
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withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
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On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
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in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
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and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
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Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195:
the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197:
equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201:
On arrival at the bride's residence
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at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205:
and hw described about each and eve
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tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209:
Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
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Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215:
The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217:
The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219:
The Muslims attach much importance
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and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225:
The worship that takes place in the
Page 226:
Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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