maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of Cuddalore 15th July 1685, Factory Records IOL /G/14/3; Cuddalore consultations, PortoNovo. 29th March 1685/6 ; Factory Records , Cuddalore lOL / G.9/14/2. S. Arasaratnam, Commercial Policy, op.cit. ibid., p. 196. ibid , p. 198. TNA Ftrbllc sundries , No. 21/25, Jan 1772. Some A m 1 of K& Fxltcy, Remrds in fh W t Seltkmenk 101/G/345/1/1789 R. Bonney, Kedah 1771-1821. (Kulalampore 1971) pp. 53-5; S. Arasaratnam Maritime commerce and Engkkh Power l South east India 1750-1800). (New Delhi, 1996) - pp 261-2 TNA FtrbIic Sundries vol. 21. Report of External commerce 1802AOL/ 339/76 ; S Arasaratnam, Maritime Commerce and Enghsh Power , op.cit. p. 262-3. G.W.Earl, The Eastern Seas. (London 1971) . p. 392 TNA Selection from the records of the Madras Government. Dutch record Vol. 10 Dutch In Malabas Memorandum on the administration 01' the Malabar coast, 1743 by Julur Valentign to his Successor Reinios Siersma, (Madras. 1911) pp. 218 - 220. TNA Tanjore District Records, Vol 3174, p. 103 - 5, 12 May 1806; Vol 3177 p.248, 15 December 1800; Vol. 3201 pp. 21 - 22. 18 Feb 1799; B.0 R Vol. 219; Susan Baily , p. 79. TNA Tinnelveli District Record, Vol. 3587, 1811 pp.428 - 37; Vol. 3594 p.2415 ; Pate, Tinnelveli Gazetteer, p. 216, 372-4 ; TNA Public consultation Vo1.184/A/12.2, 1793 pp. 862 - 65. FSG Diary and Consdtation Book , 1740 p.65, 71, 79, 99, 120, 133, 137, 148, 164, 180, 207; 1754, p.157. ibld., for the year 1743, p.133;1749 - 50 p 16, 35; 1759 p 42; 1745 p 64,76. ibid., for the year 1742, p. 67. ibid., for the year 1746 pp. 53, 63; 1745 p 72, 184 ibld., 1746 p. 98. ibid., 1746 p. 27 ibid., 1754 pp. 88. 115. 168. 176. A.R.P. Diaty, II p. 201; F o ~ St David Consultat~ons 1747 p. 181. Diary and Consultatjons Book , 1750. pp 11 1 - 112. ibid .. 1755, p. 108. ibld., 1754. p. 19 - 20. ibld., 1753, p XVl - XXX.
TNA MC:.'Vol. 44 A 1793 p. 55; Rewnue Consultations Vol. 62 A pp. 1796 -97; TNA Madurai District Records ,Vol. 1178 , pp. 470 - 472; S.RaJu, Inscriptions of Thanjawr Marathas (Tamil University, ThanJavur 1987) pp. 146 -149: Thanjavur Saraswathi Mahal Modi Script (Tr) Nos. 37(5) 1852/108C; 23 (1) 1784/ lOYC X, 14(2) 1777/128C. 14 (3)/ 128C. 14 (4) 1777/128C, 13 (6)/ 1806. Pleadjngs o/ Mayor's Court. 1742 - 43, Vol. Ill , pp.68 -82. ibid., p. 106 - 114. ibid., p. 1745 Vol. I1 pp. XV - XXI ibid. ,1742 -43 pp. 165 - 70 Selections from the Records of the Madras Government. No XIX (Madras 1855), pp.61-2; S . Arasaratnam, Maritime Commerce and English Power, op.cit p.266. TNA Public Consultation , Vo1.339/1808 pp. 1314 - 1315. ibid, Vol. 339 pp. 1317 - 20 TNA Thanjavur District Record, No. 3174, 31 March 1806, p.71; TNA Public Consultation. 1st June 1808. TNA Public Consultation . Vol. 340, 15 March 1808, pp.2137 - 50. ibid., pp. 2450 -60 / 1 April 1808. ibid., pp. 2137 - 50. ibid., Vol. 610 ,9 April 1833, pp. 4950. ibid.. Vol. 614 , 2 October 1833, pp.25 - 26. ibid., Vol. 614. 30 October 1833, p.28. ibid., Vol. 615, 22 October, 1833, pp. 9 - 10. ibid., Vo1.636. 18 May 1835. pp.30 - 31. ibid., Vo1.641. 25 August 1835, pp.74 - 75. ibid., Vo1.666. 18 April 1837, pp. 75 . 76. ibld., Vo1.667, 16 May 1837, pp. 45 - 50. Strait settlement Factory Records . Vol.1 1769 - 95 pro. 1.9.1787 Proceedings of the Legislative Council of Strait Settlement, 1900 P.C. 117. Kernial Singh Sandhdur, op. cit . p.121. TNA Public Consultation, Vol 831. 28 November 1848 pp. 7 - 9. ibid., Vol. 852, 12 December 1848. TM BOR , 1st March 1875, p. 1408, Thimnelveli Gazette. Vol.VI No.194, December 1862, p.8. TNA BOR, 1875, 20 January pp.305 - 307, 10 March , p. 1673 TNA Public Consulratjon , Vol. 898, 7 December 1852, pp 8 - 10. TNA Public Department, 2 October 1888, Nos. 1006. 1006 A, 1007 and 1008; 15 May 1888 Nos.513 - 14, 516 , 510. 512; 1888 23 June No. 79 - 80. 8 March 1888, No. 254, 256; Administration of Madras Presidency 1866 - 67, Madras 1867) app. V
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
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In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
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191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174: in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181: References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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