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TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242 A.p. 2932. 13 December 1831; TNA Marine Consultation Vol. 32. p 185 -205 11 March 1805 TNA Tanlore District Record, Vo1.3325, p.65, 24 November 1795 TNA BOR Vo1.404. pp.1842 - 1848. 18 March 1805. TNA Judicial Consultation, Vo1.497, 24 July 1890 TNA Marine Consultation. Vol. 274, 24 July 1890 TNA Tanlore District Record Vol. 3338/1814, p 37; Diary consultation Book. 1740. p.207 TNA Tinnelveli District Record. Vol. 3571/1820 pp 220 - 30 TNA BOR, Vo1.449 pp 5692 - 95. 9 June 1828 Ahananuru, 3.27,130.201,280.296,350.; Purananuru, 45. 53, 58; Kalithogai, 13:1:22, 9:11:15:16;Narrina!, 23:1:6, 172,; Pathupattu, 11, 56 -58; Madurai Kanchi ll, 138 - 139; Silappadikaram, 14.1 1, 193 - 196, Canto. 27,Canto 14,5; Manimakalai. Canto 19.28 South lndjan Inscription. 11. P.398.399,410,411, 436; A R E. 680 of 1919 S Arunachalam, 7he History of the Pearl Fishery of the Tamd coast. (Annamalai Nagar. 1952) p 57 S.Arunachalam, op.cit, pp.82 -85; Susan Bayly, op.cit, p 322. Francis Xavior. op cit, p.311; Susan Bayly op cit pp 323 - 24;TNA BOR. vol 556. 18 November 1811. PP 1398 - 1409 James Hornel, Sacred Chank . op cit, p.4. Jean Baptiste Travernier (Tr. from French), second edition (ed) William Crook. (Rept. 1889. New Delhi) Vol.ll, p.93. Francis Xavior, op.cit., p.320. Dalgoda II p. 61 - 62. Rangacherya, Inscriptions of Madras Presidency, Vol 1l.p 11 67; A.R E. 396 of 107; Francis Xavior, op cit.. p.320. Bishop R.Caldwel, op.c:t, pp 73 - 74. S.Arunachalam, op cit, p.100. James Hornel, Sacred Chank . op cit, p 175; Francis Xavior, op cit, pp 311 -314 Susan Bayly, op.cit, pp.322 - 324 ; S.Arunachalam , op.cit.,p.l15. 'TNA BORVol. 556, 18 November 1811, pp. 1138 - 409; James Hornal. Indian Pearl Fishery in Gulf of Manaar, op.cit.,p 25 ; TNA Tinnelveli District Record vo1.7966,26 October 1836. pp 252 -253. S.M.Kamal, Islam, op.cit, p 102 and Sethupathi Mannar Seppedugal, op.cit pp.71 -72, 117 - 119. 339 - 340. S.Arunachalam op.clt., p.123; James Hornel, The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gull of Manaar and Palk Bay, p .29. Travernier, op.cit., p.93.
James Hornel, Indian Pearl Fisheries , op.cit.. pp. 172 - 174 S.Arunachalam ,p.l13;Tinnelveli Gazette, Vol.VI No 200, p 4.14 February 1863 James Hornel, Sacred Chank , op.cit. p.6. S.Arunachalam op.cit.,p.l51; James Hornel, Sacred Chank, op.cit.pp 8-10; TNA BOR, vo1.143.7 January 1796. pp. 82 - 87. TNA Madurai District Record. Vol. 4681/1833, pp. 182 - 183. James Hornel, Indian Pearl Fishery, op. cit. pp. 47 - 48. Particulars collected from the family records maintamed by T S.M Tummani Marakkayar of Rameswaram. Thanjawr Maratha Mannar Modi Avana Tamilakkarnum kurippurajyum, (Tamil University. Thanjavur. 1989) p 150; (Modi Record No 13/1798 as referred to in the book1 Modi Record. op cit No. 2 -120-121; 3 - 164. ibid. no. 13 - 6. ibid. no. 7- 813. James Hornel, Sacred Chank, op.cit,p 4 . 6 Susan Bayly, op.cit.,p.322. S.Arunachalam, op.cit.p.2. S.Arunachalam, op.cit. p.170; James Hornel, Sacred Chank, pp 4 - 5. TNA Military Consultation, vol. 105, A p. 263/1800: TNA Revenue consultation. Vo1.62 A/1795. pp.1769 -97. James Hornel. Sacred Chank , op cit., p. 34. Thanjavur Saraswathi Mahal . Modi Records 1-334; 7 - 530 ; 7813; K. M Venkataramayya, Administration and Social life under the Maratha rulers of Thanjawr (Tarnil University Thanjawr. 1984) p. 398 James Hornel, Sacred Chank , op cit., p. 34; S.Arunachalam, op.cit., p 170. Susan Bayly, op.cit. p.222 - 23. TNA BOR, Vo1.556. 18 November 1811. pp ,1398 - 409 James Hornel, Sacred Chank, op. cit. p 23. James Hornel, Fisheries Buero Bulletin, No XVI, p.35 James Hornel, Sacred Chank, op.cit., p 32. TNA Madurai District Record, Vol. 4673/1825 pp. 157 . 158. TNA. Publlc Consultation, Vol. No.547 pp.10-11, 23 Feb. 1827; Vol 549 pp 8-9, 17 Apr. 1827: Vol. 551 12 June 1828. TNA Tinnelveli District Record. Vol. 3586/1810 pp.246-247; V01.3573/1810 PP. 229-230 TNA Madurai District Record Vol 1178 pp 470-72, 17 Nov. 1802; Vo1.1140 pp 140-141, I8 Nov.1802;TNA Revenue consultation, Vol. 91-A pp 45-64, 15 Dec.1797.
Page 1 and 2:
MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8:
Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76:
to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82:
In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108:
Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110:
for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122:
191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124:
in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132:
The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134:
MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174: in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181: References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183: Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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