maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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References W.H. Moreland, Akbar to Aurangazeb - A study in Indian Economic History (London,1923) pp 6-8 K S. Mathew. Portuguese Trade with India in the Sixteenth Century, ( New Delhi, 1983) p.50 C .R. Boxer, The Portuguese Sea Born Empire 1415 - 1825 1 London, 1969) p 98, K.S Mathew, op.clt. p.56 K.S. Mathew, op.cit, p.56 Ibid. pp. 60-62. W H Moreland, op.cit p 9 'The ltinerafy of Lodowco de Varthma of Bologna from 1502-1508 (London,1928) (ed:) J.W. Jones p.72 Sanjay Subramaniyam, op cit p 98 Robert Sewell, A forgotten Emp~re (Rptl New Delhi, 1987) p 119. Sanjay Subramniyan, op.cit, p.103. Ibid, p.105 Ibid p.124 Amukthamalayatha 4- 258; N. Venkata Ramanayya, Studles in the Third Dynasty of Vljayanagar (Madras, 1955) pp. 275-276. Fr Heras, The Aravidu Dynasty, p.62. James Hornel, Sacred chank, p.4 Barbosa, op cit. 11 pp. 74-78, 120-124 For Paravas, see S C. Chitty " Remarks on origin and history of the Paravas " JRAS.4, 1837, pp 130-134; Rarnnad District Manual, ( Madras. 1889) pp. 39-40; Thurston VI pp 140-155; James Hornel, " The Chank shell in Ancient lndian Life and religion, " QJMS 4 (Bangalaore 1913) ; The sacred Chank of India (Madras 1914); The Chank shell cut in India (Bombay, 1942); Pate , Tinnelveli Gazetteer, p.230; K.A. Nllakanta Sastrl, Pandya Kingdom (London, 1928) pp. 52-53. M. Joseph - Costelloe, (Tr) , Francis Xavior his Life and Times ( Rome, Italy, 1977) 11. p. 259-60 Ibid, pp. 264-65 Dr. Krishnaswamy, The Tamil Country under (/iayanagar ( Annarnalai Nagar, 1964) PP. 235-37. Robert Sewell, p. 224; A.R E. 1899.1900, para 78. K A Nilakanta Sastri and Venkatramanayya, Further sources of Viiayanagar history, p. 249; Fr. Heras op.cit. p 67 Dr. Krishnaswamy, op.cit., pp.239-41 Castets, " How Nagapattanam in 1642 became the first Portuguese possession in the Coromandel ," .Journal of Bombay Historical Society. V 1939, p 139.
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , ( Jaffina, 1959) p 147 Barbosa, op.cit. I1 p.125; Voyages of Peter Flarfs to East ind~as Series, I1 vol. LXXIV, ( Hakuluyt Society, London, 1934) Barbosa, op.clt. II p. 126. K.M. Panikkar, Malabar and Portuguese 1500-1665 ( Bombay, 1929) p 119 M. Abdul Rahlm. " Nagapattanam and surroundings, op cit p.40 Baldaeus. Descriptiion about Malabar and Coromandel and Ceylon in the later half of Seventeenth Century. ( Tr.), Churchhill collections ; John Nieuhoff. Voyages and Travels in Brazil and the East Indias, 1705 ( Tr ) Churchhill collections. R. Sathianatha lyer, op cit. pp. 123-124. F.C. Denvers, The Portuguese in indld (1894 ( Rept) New Delhi. 1988) S. Arasaratnam, " Commercial policies of Sethupathis of Rarnanathapuram 1660.1690,'' Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies, 1967 vol. 11, pp 251.260. F.C Denvers. op cit I1 p 320 Sanjay Subramniyan ". Stay on the Portuguese of Southern Coromandel in the late Seventeenth Century", Indian Economic and soiciai history Review, 1985, pp 22-4 George D. Winus. " The Shadow Empire of Goa In the Bay of Bengal ," IImerar~o 7(2) 1983, PP 83-101; B S Sastr~ " Portuguese in South India " South Indian Studies (ed) I i M. Nayak and R. Gopal, ( Mysore) p 410 Sheik Zainudeen's, Thufat - a/ - Majahidin, p 81; Comdr . K N. Bhil. " Pilot Ibn Majid. 0p.cit. K.M Panikkar . op.cit., p.94 Sanjay Subramaniyan. Political Economy, op.cit pp.103-104. Stephen F Dale. /dam and Social conflict. - The Mapillar of Malabar 1498-1922 (Oxford.1980) p 36; R.S. White way, The Rise of Portuguese power in India ( London, 1839) p.139. Thufat - ul- Mujahidin, op.cN. p.60 St.Xavior, op cit. p.259 James Hornel, The sacred chank, op.clt, p 4 St. Xavior, op.cit . p. 259 ibld. S. Arasarahlam , " Ceylon in Indian Ocean trade 1500 -1800 ," lndia and Indian ocean 1500 - I800 (ed) Ashindas Gupta and M.N. Pearaon, ( Calcutta, 1987) pp. 224-238. D.G.E. Hall. A History of South East Asia ( London, 1985) pp. 201- 206. C.R. De rllva. " Muslim traders in Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century and the Portuguese impact ", Avenues to Antiquary, Muslims in Sr~ianka (ed) MM.Shukri ( Srllanka, 1986) pp. 147-165. M.N. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarath, The Response to the Portugwse in 16th century ( Berkely 1976) p.4
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8:
Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64: No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72: 80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74: Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98: to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104: The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106: The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108: Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110: for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112: and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113: Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 117 and 118: S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120: 130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122: 191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124: in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126: The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128: found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130: His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166:
A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168:
withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170:
weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172:
On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174:
in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176:
and others they could not get inter
Page 177:
There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183:
Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185:
Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195:
the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197:
equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201:
On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203:
at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205:
and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207:
tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209:
Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211:
Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215:
The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217:
The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219:
The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221:
and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225:
The worship that takes place in the
Page 226:
Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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