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THULUKKAR The Muslims of Coromandel were also called as Thulukkar, along with Sonakar. Thulukkar, means the native of Turkey. Though all the Muslims who frequented Coromandel Coast had not come from Turkey, this term is vey commonly and popularly applied to all the Muslims by the fellow Hindus. While the word Sonagan is very sparcely used, Tulukkan is in popular use even to this day44. Adiyarkkunallar the commentator of Silappadhikaram translates the word "Yavana" as Yavanathurukkar. Several Tamil literatures of later period also refer to the Muslims as ~hulukkar~. According to some scholars the word Thurushka came into use right from second century A.D since emperor Kanishka was Thurushka by ethnicity as mentioned in Kalphana's ~ajatharangini~~. Sanskrit and Telugu literatures give the term Thurushka for Thumkkar. The Pmsasthis of Vijayanagar kings Include titles like Thulukka moham thavirthan, Thulukka thalavipadan etc., (i.e those who defeated ~uslims~'.) The Sultanate of Madurai in (14 th centuy) was called Thulukkaniam and Thulukka avanam4'. were called ~hulukkanam~~. Thulukkar settlements Thulukkar and Thulukkan are wy well rooted words in the Coromandel society to call Muslims, and this influence can be seen in all the spheres of life. Thulukkappoo (flower) Thulukkasamanthi (African Merigold) Thulukkamalligai, Thulukkappasali (Besella green) Thulukkappalaru (KLdnq, Bean) Thulukka Kathazhai. There are place names like Thulukkanpatti (Virdunagar Tk) Thulukkankulam (Aruppukkottai Tk) Thulukkankurichi (Mudukulathur Tk) Thulukka Muthu (Avinasi Tk), Thulukkathandalam (Kanchipuram Tk). ANJUVANNAM In earlier times, the Muslim settlements of the coastal towns functioned as a Wid for themselves, like the merchant guilds of the Hindus like Ainoorravar. and ValanJlar . The name Anjuvannam found in some copper plates and inscriptions of 12-13th century A.D. along with the names of other merchant guilds is considered
to be the merchant guild of the Muslims. Anjuvannam is a Persian word meaning assembly or congregation. An old mosque in Thenkasi (Thirunelveli Dt) is called "Anjuvannam Pallivasal" (mosque) even to this day. Scholars like Burnel believed it to be the guild of Jews or Christians. But we find the name Anjuvannam in the earliest Islamic Tamil literature, Palsandamalai (15th century A.D.) which makes it clear that it denotes the Muslim merchant guild. Such merchant guilds functioned from Kottayam, Thirthandathanapuram and Nagapattanam. So the Muslim merchants of the early settlements functioned as a guild for the promotion of their tradiig actl~itles~~. The Socii Segments of the Muslims of Coromandel The M~ulim of Coromandel coast are socially organised themselves h to segments or sub-dlvlsions. They are Rawthar. Labbai, Marakkayar and Deccanl. Mattison Mines includes Kayalar to this list5'. The Marakkayars who migrated from Kayalpattanam area are called as Kayak in other pkces for easy rewgnltion. It is essentially a te~titorial identification. When compared with the meaning and titles of other sub divisions, the Kayak sub division seems to be superfluous. In the census report of 1891 of Madras Presidency some more peculiar nib divisions among the Muslim are also given such as Puliankudiyar, Elayankdiyar, Musiriar, Vaigaikaraiyar, all denoting the place name from where they hailsz. These territorial identifications cannot be construded as social segments since such territorial identification is very common even among the Hindu castes and tribes. Hence Mattison Mine's inclusion of the Kayalar as the social segment of the Muslims of Tamil Nadu needs a correction. The social segments of the Muslims such as Rawthar, Labbai, Marakkayar and Deccanl cannot be called as castes nor are they classes. (Caste is a disinctlve feature of Hinduism and has no place in Islam). Social incompatibility with regard to either to Intermarriage or interdlning whether due to difference in race, occupation or geographical position is one of the most essential attributes of caste). No such character~stic elements are met with among these segments of the Muslims
Page 1 and 2:
MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4: During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6: J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8: Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10: Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12: However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15: Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17: Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19: at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21: At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23: There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25: The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27: and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29: Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31: community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34: Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36: trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38: acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40: Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42: polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44: In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46: SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50: M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52: wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53: Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 57 and 58: which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60: Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62: inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64: No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72: 80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74: Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98: to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104: The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108:
Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110:
for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122:
191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124:
in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132:
The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134:
MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136:
Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138:
Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140:
When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142:
S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144:
The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146:
Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148:
Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150:
He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152:
At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154:
and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156:
Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158:
Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160:
The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162:
was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164:
At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166:
A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168:
withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170:
weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172:
On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174:
in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176:
and others they could not get inter
Page 177:
There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183:
Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185:
Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195:
the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197:
equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201:
On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203:
at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205:
and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207:
tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209:
Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211:
Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215:
The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217:
The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219:
The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221:
and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225:
The worship that takes place in the
Page 226:
Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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