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In 1736 the Nawab of Camatic, Dost All gave the French the right for minting coins in P~ndicheny.'~~ The french brought bullions and Silver and minted coins. Pondicherry had an extensive currency. French trade picked up. New factories were opened. The growth of the French was at the expense of the Dutcl~ orld ihu Enyllrh."' TheF~undorFrancoisMartin0~~~piedKamikkalin1688butthqrhadtosbandon~,tho rat year, ddue to the presMe of the Dutch.llB The Maratha Sam of Thanjaw in 1738, gma a ~ofcoaionofKarslkkd,and~vllLagtotheFmxh. Thodepdprandedford militsly dd. The ~nacncsment of the French occupation war reuziwd wlth W t by the entire polxJatlon of KaraMd.llP &d Sayap sea Mtkhu he deed.lm The c!ed um eg& conflrmod in 1739.Iz1 The Mamtha Raja of Thanjaw was getting bans from the Fmxh and in iieu of it the French got more villages near Kamikkal. By 1760 the French settlement of Kamikkal had 113 v&a. Kimikhl served as a gmnery of Pondicheny. It was useful for pdonhg Pondichy ad a&o for prcaing cargoes to its ships.lZ2 The Frenchard the Ergkhtraded side by side without much hitchbutby 1744theyented into a life and death struggle due to the hostilities between London and Paris. Pondicherry became the stronghold of the French in Coromandel. From 1745 the English fleets began to harass the French. French ships were attacked in the waters of Southeast Asian ports."' Madras, was captured and Cuddalore was attacked by the French several times between 1745 and 1748. The English had to withdraw from Cuddalore area. However Madras was handed back to the English in 1748.12' In 1749. Carnatlc wan, the famous struggle for supremacy between the French and the English brokeout. We haw already narrated the envents of these wars elsewhere. The exit of Chanda Sahib and Muzafar Jang by 1752 was a serious set back to the French. The French were not fourtunate in Coromandel. Their offensive operations miscarried; all their strong holds in Carnatic were lost one by one and finally they suffered a most decisive defeat in 1760.1z5 The English captured Pondicherry in 1761. It was restored to the French in 1765. The English again captured it in 1782. In the same year the French came to an understanding with Hyder Ali and this alliance was a real challenge to the English.lz6 In =cordance with a peace Treaty of 1785, Cuddalore was restored
to the English and Pondichery to French. In 1790 the French allied with Tippu Sultan against the English. In the fall of Tippu Sultan in 1799, the French lost a strong native support. Karaikkal surrendered to the English in 1793. When Thanjavur power was transferred to the English East lndia Company in 1800 it included Karaikkal also. It remained in English possession till 1816. Later it was transferred and remained in French possession till they quit lndia in the second half of the present century. By 1817 Pondicheny, KamiWcal, Yanarn in Coromandel, Mahe in Malabar were the French territories.'27 The commercial history of the French territories for almost two centuries between 1675- 1875 was closely linked to the activities of the French trading companies. Martin attracted the native traders to Pondlcheny. Pondlcheny traded with Dwenarnpatnam, PortoNovo, Tranquebar, Karalkkal, Nagapattanam, Marakkanam, Madras, and in oversear trade with France, Siam, Ceylon and Manila. The French imported European goods and marketed them in Corornandel. Steam ship was introduced between Pondicherry and France in 1862.12' The French invested in textiles in Competition with the Dutch and the English. This created a marked impact on Coromandel textile trade. A network of agencies were established to procure textiles. They gave advances to the weavers and offered higher price than the other companies. This competition war advantageous to the native weavers and traders. The French company suffered from inadequate funds. They had to rely on local merchants and intermediaries. Its poor financial condition and its inability to rnonopolise the inter Asian trade must have prompted the French to resort to joint ventures with the Corornandel rner~hants.12~ The French emerged as the protectors of regional shipping, particularly PortoNovo. They lent their colours and provided protection and navigational expertise to the native ship owners and this encouraged them to trade with Thailand, Tennaserim, Ujang Salang, Bantam, Ache and other Southat Asian countries. Even the ship of the king of Ayuthya saki to Coromandd under French colour. When the merchants of PortoNovo were penallsed by the Dutch.or Danes for not taking passes from them or refused passes due to enemity
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
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During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
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Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
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There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
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Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
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trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
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In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46: SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50: M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52: wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54: Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56: to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58: which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60: Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62: inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64: No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72: 80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74: Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104: The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106: The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108: Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110: for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112: and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114: Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116: C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118: S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120: 130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122: 191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124: in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126: The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128: found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130: His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148:
Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
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He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
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and there were no Marakkayar trader
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Thus it will be seen tha there was
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Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
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The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
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was fished in the coastal belt of T
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At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
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A considerable population of Muslim
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withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
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On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
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in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
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and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
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References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
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Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
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the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
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equal status. Ranking as in caste s
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Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
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On arrival at the bride's residence
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at present. In many families among
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and hw described about each and eve
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tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209:
Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
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Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215:
The purdha system is widely in prac
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The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219:
The Muslims attach much importance
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and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
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The worship that takes place in the
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Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
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indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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