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Madd 7hahwrabn1, (Madurai TamU Sangam), p.2. ARE 587 of 1902; KoyUozhugu p. 138. 7NnWa*rab I(rmrand2/, 65:l T n ~ n-orka, a ~ U pp. 67, 21-25, 34-35. 48-49; 6wb, fl p.68; A.R.E.598 of 1926. S. Vaiyapurl Pillai, Kalawr KarUral; T.V. Sadaslva Pandarathar, ~ttdA@eppch unm& p.23; M.M Uwais and Ajamalkhan, op.clt pp.94 - 96; A.R.E. 1926-27. pt.11 Mattison Mines, op.clt. p.161 W r Hllrsan Khan, South Indm M h s (Madras 1910) p.60 Manlson mines, op.cit. pp - 160-161 Edgar Thdon and K. Rangachari, &es and T n ' of Wern India, Mew Mi (Rpt), 1975) N p.495 Madmikanchl, 8-1628; Paninappalai A R.E. 556/1904; M M. Uwaise and Ajmalkhan. op cit. I, p 51-52 InaYM Mt& muxi mmmkfion, Vd W. 1938. P85: lodm An*, Ill 1924 p 75; E&a* Camah, W p 141, Eop@phica I&, N p.66 soulfi kdan Inruptbin, V p.428 A.R E. 442,4906 ibid. 367 of 1912; 414 of 1913. ibid. 169 of 1910. S.Raj, Thanw Mara!tw Mennar Seppedugd 50 Famil Uniwnity, Thanjawr 1987) p 31. - Thurston, op cit., VI, p.247. . . . - m t v a Km& Mangaram - Saint Arunagirinathar. m Manison Miner, op cit. Madras Cem Report 1881; Thurston op cit N p. 199; A Camlteer of Southem In& wfh T m e m pahzes and Sqapore (Madms. 1855) p.293 Madras Census Report ,1891 M Mujlb. The lndian Muz/bns (London, 1967) pp. 21-22 S.M. Kamal. &mum 7ham~+amum, op.cit p.53; T Rajaram. Rao, Man& of Rwnamhapvam Samdsthanam (1898) p.49; Thuston, op.cit N, p.200 , 501. A Manual of Madras, op.cit. 1 p.437. W.Francis . op.cit, p.86 TdLmkm Vl, p.1941; &q&pda of Idam, N p 551. Thnrrton, op.clt. VI p. 247 Ibid. lV p.193. koer d- W, (1972) p.161 W. Francis op.cit. p.85 Quadir Huswrin Khan, op.cit. p.23 Thurston, op.cn. V. p.4 C.D. Madsan, GbPary d h6h~ F%dw , (Madras)
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p.23 81. M . W Rahtm,kkmhh+phaMm. 82. Thurston, Vol. V. p. 1; N. Amir All, op.cil. p.49 83 Ncbo~ Kararhlma, " Indian Commercial activities in Ancient Medlvai Southeast Asia", paper presented in the Plenary Session of 8th World Tamil Conference Seminar. Thanjawr. 1995. 84. Ka. Tha. Thhmuddmraru, Z'whWdu Asia N W Thamirh hpm(/, /., 1987) p 326; Y. Subbarayalu, "Sumathravil Thamizh Kalvettukal", Adranam, (Journal of Tamil Nadu Archealogical Society, Thanlabur) No.lV. 1994. pp 116.123 85 TamU Laxicon V. W, pt. 1 p.2222. ( Nayan, Nayakan, leader conductor ) ; Kambaramayanam 2:7:3:3-4 ( Aaylram ampikunayakan; Thl~kkaranapuranam, (1814 AD) Buddhukal Vasanltha padalam : 6. 86 M.R.M. Atdul Rahlm, /&rn&a Malkslanchiarn, 111. p 40,; Kayalpattanam selection grade Town Panchayat Centinary Souvenir, 1990 (ed) Kayal Mohaboob; Col wliks, Historical zksh of .%Ah /&a (1810); S.M. Kamal, /slamurn Thamiiagamwn op.cit.pp.24-25; A K. Rifayi, lhdd&J /+hnycpr L4mh fIhenkasi 1988) pp.5 1-52. 87 T. Jayarajan, " Social and Economic customs and Practices of Marakkayars of Tamil Nadu - a case study of Marakkayars of Adirampattanarn " unpublished M Phil Thesis, Barathidasan University. Tiruchirappalli. 1990 p.37. 88, ibid. pp.6-7. 89 Wunt Cube, XlX - (1945) p. 223 TB H Abeya Singah. " Muslims in Srilanka in rtxtwnth swanteenth centuries; " Mdims of Sdanka (ed) M.M.Shukri 1986, p. 129-130 90 I.L.M. Abdul AUez, op.clt,p,lS 9 1. A.M. Samy, 1% mhuy Tamilprrmati Ma&, 1992) pp. 14-16. 92 A.R.P., Diary Vl p 381-84. 93. /W,URI/ Ma&, (1590 A.D) Stanza; 23 ; Thirukkarana Puranam (1814) &/rWlukkal hiid~parkhm-6. 94 WModem-ia. Vlp.221 95. Hobdon and Jobson p. 581 96. S. Arasaratnam. Companies and commerce, op.cit., p 218 97 ~horo bh -&A,& -m. ~.263 98 A a)Ahpw+e CdltdC I. p.58. 99 FbnOnmto~, cap. 7. 100 ~&BnacqDs.Il.ll:7. 101 qrad&MVkgan,lp.295. 102.' English - Malayalam dictionary. Dr. Gundert. 103 Ghrsrvio LCpo .&&a, &&&, ll p 38; O.K. Namb~ar, The Kunjali Adrniralr of Calicut (London. 1948) p 50. 164. Tamil Lexicon, V. p. 3082. 105 Thunton, W, op.cit. p.501. 106. A.P. lbrahlm Kun~u, 61 hf&e/ Ked History, (Kerala HLstod society), vrivandmm 1975) P.59.
Page 1 and 2:
MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6:
J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8:
Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21: At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23: There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25: The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27: and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29: Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31: community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34: Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36: trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38: acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40: Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42: polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44: In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46: SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48: Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50: M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52: wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54: Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56: to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58: which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60: Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62: inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64: No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 73 and 74: Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98: to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104: The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106: The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108: Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110: for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112: and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114: Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116: C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118: S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120: 130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122:
191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124:
in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132:
The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134:
MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136:
Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138:
Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140:
When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142:
S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144:
The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146:
Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148:
Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150:
He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152:
At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154:
and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156:
Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158:
Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160:
The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162:
was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164:
At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166:
A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168:
withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170:
weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172:
On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174:
in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176:
and others they could not get inter
Page 177:
There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183:
Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185:
Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195:
the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197:
equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201:
On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203:
at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205:
and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207:
tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209:
Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211:
Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215:
The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217:
The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219:
The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221:
and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223:
The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225:
The worship that takes place in the
Page 226:
Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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