maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201. ibid.. p.222. Memorandum of Madras Presidency, Vol ll p 2 - 339 C.Ramachandran, op.cit.p.35. Henry Dodwel, op.cit. pp. 132 - 134. ibld.. p.133.137. C.R.De Sllva, In Musllms of SrlLanka, op, cit; Seikh Rahirn Mondal. Dynamics of Musllm Soclety (New Delhi. 19941 p. 198: Samuel Koenig. Socialogy An lntrdutlon lo the Science of Society (New York ,1957) p 85 - 86. Letter from the collector of Thanjavur to the Board of Revenue, 12 September 1834; Sarada Raju op. cit., p. 190; Henry Dodwel, op clt p.135 Indian Law Reporter, Madras Series, Vol XXII, 1899, January - December, pp. 26 - 31; Sarada Raju, opt. cit. p. 190. Henry Dodwel, op. cit. pp.138 - 139. "lndian Merchants and their Trading Methods", lndian Economic and Social History Review, 111. No. I.. March 1961, pp.85 - 95. Meserevob Jacob Sethi, Armenians in India, ( (Rpt) New Delhi 1992) pp 529 - 30 R.C. Majumdar. Brltlsh Paramountacy and lndian Renissance pt.4 (Bombay. 1965) p. 234 Annual Volume of Seaborn Trade. 1876 - 77. R.C Majurndar. op cit 386 Report of Public Instructions 1901 - 02 Vol i pp. 91 - 92. A.M.Azeez, op.cit
Chapter VII SOCIAL CUSTOMS Social history primarily concerns itself with the daily life of the people and the character of family and household life. It also comprises of human and economic relation of the different classes to one another, the social stratification of groups, occupation, culture, arose out of these general conditions and the reflection of this culture on religion, literature, arts, architecture, learning and thought. Intimately connected with this there appears the history of ideals and aspiratlons of manners, customs and beliefs and superstitions. In Coromandel Islamisation at the very inception of lslam was interlinked to the commercial enterprises of the coast. The Muslim colonies swelled through intermarriage of the native women to the Arab migratants and merchants and multiplied by conversation of the local population by the influence and efforts of the merchant missionaries and Sufis, the Muslim mystics who enjoyed the liberty of preaching the faith'. The activities of the zealous Muslim missionaries, the Sufi Mystics, flourished on the evils of the Hindu society. When lslam stepped Into the peninsular India, there was a rigid caste system in the Hindu social order. The caste system divided the Hindu society into a number of inaccessible and distinct castes which practicaly prevented any free social mobility among them. The caste system also inflicted inequality, injustice, inequity, on the so called low caste people. They were meanials never to rise in economic and social status and they were treated as untouchables, unapproachables and often harassed by higher caste Hindus2 In this social calamity the teachings of lslam produced a profound effect on the social and political st~cture and attracted the population towards its fold The Tamil country has always been the meeting ground of various cultures either due to wars or friendly contacts, cultural and commercial. And hence the Tamil culture has always been one of the synthesis and continuity. The process of assimilation had no serious difficulties with regard to the people of different region but with same religious practices. But they had totally different experience when Islam stepped into this soil. It's simple but definite creed like equallty of all men was a challenge to the Hindu set up which in actual practice was an antithesis to such a creed, Interaction between the two led to conversion and as a result two disslmilar and different cultures attracted each other and led to fusion and mingling oi population.
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
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During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
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Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
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There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
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trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
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In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
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SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
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wife but also a pbce for board and
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Yonakar street or Yon street even t
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to be the merchant guild of the Mus
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which is considered to be a subcast
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Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
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inscription and said the term marak
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No doubt this is to enhance their e
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The Portuguese used this plural hon
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CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
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W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
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80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
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Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
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assistance of the Dutch. In return
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In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
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Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
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However the Dutch web caught hold o
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ejected a similar offer made to Col
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The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
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The Portuguese never extended such
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to the English and Pondichery to Fr
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The french settlements were a heave
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A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
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The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
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The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
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and confident merchants as share ho
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Choudy alleges that the English Eas
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C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
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S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
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130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
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191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
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The religious ties and associations
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found it extremely difficult to com
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His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
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The English records from 1686 menti
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MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
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Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138:
Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174: in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181: References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183: Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240: Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
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think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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