maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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In Arabic language the term Arvi (Lisenul Arvi or liscenul Arvi) is used to indicate Tamil language. In Tamil the Arabic Tamil was also called as Muslim Tamil and in Ceylon Sonakar Tamil. Arabic Tamil was used even in correspondence among the Muslims of Coromandel and Ceylon. There were occasions when people printed invitations In Arabic Tamil. Further, it was familiar to Muslim women who were drtually lacking the writing knowledge in Tamil. From linguistic polnt of view, It may appear to be a different dialect coming out of the mixture of Arabic and Tamil but not a separate language. It was only a language of script. Only those who can read Arabic can read Arabic Tamil. Some of the scholars are of the view that like Sanskrit to the Hindus, Latin to Christians, Arabic Tamil was the language of the Muslim elites and was not a popular one. The Arabic Tamil began to decline by the end of the nineteenth century'Z1. The Muslims along the coastal region speak chaste Tamil even to this day. Original and antique Tamil words, unmutilated are in use among them in day today life. Tamil is the language in every sphere of their life. Thus the Tamil Muslims live as Tamils in the main stream, like any other religious groups of people of Tamil region. The kinship terms of the Marakkayars are peculiar of it's kind and not prevalent among other sects of Muslims. This may be due to the Arab ethnological connections. A few terms that are in use in the Coastal region will go to show this fact. Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowthar Father V~PP~ Atha Atha Mother Umma Amma Amma Father's father Vappappa APP~ APP~ Father's mother Vappamma Athamma Athamma Mother's father Kannuvappa APP~ APP~ Mother's mother Kannamma Nannima Nannima
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowthar Father's elder brother Muthuvappa Periatha Periatha Father's younger brother Chinnavappa Sacha Chinnatha Mother's younger sister Chachi Chinnarnma Chinarnma Elder brother Kaka,Nana Annan Annan Elder sister Latha,Ratha Achi Akka Younger brother Thambi Tharnbi Thambi Younger sister Thangachi Thangachi Thangachi Grand ,son Peran Peran Peran Grand daughter Pethi Pethi Pethi It will be seen that the kinship terms of Labbais and Rawthars are in Tamil form of kinship terms'22. Due to the constant contact of the Muslims with Westerners like Portugese and Dutch, a number of voccables of their respective language came into use among the coastal Muslims and a few such voccables are exclusively still in use among the coastal MusBms, (apart from many other words which are common to all). PORTUGUESE VOCCABLES"' English Local usage Portuguese Kitchen Kusini Codnha Lantern Lanthar Lantema Saucer (Porcelin) Peers Pires Room Kamara Camara A hand spike Alavanku Alavanca Hand kerchief Lenchi Lenco Flat dish Pingan Palangana Shirt Kamis Camisa A small basin Koppal COP DUTCH VOCCABLES'" A sauce Samba1 Sambli Detailed linguistic study on the Coromandel Muslim society may yield many more interesting materials
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
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During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
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Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
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There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
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Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
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trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
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Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
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In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
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SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
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Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
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wife but also a pbce for board and
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Yonakar street or Yon street even t
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to be the merchant guild of the Mus
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which is considered to be a subcast
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Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
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inscription and said the term marak
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No doubt this is to enhance their e
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The Portuguese used this plural hon
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CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
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W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
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80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
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Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
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assistance of the Dutch. In return
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In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
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Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
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However the Dutch web caught hold o
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ejected a similar offer made to Col
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The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
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The Portuguese never extended such
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to the English and Pondichery to Fr
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The french settlements were a heave
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A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
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The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
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The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
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and confident merchants as share ho
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Choudy alleges that the English Eas
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C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
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S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
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130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
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191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
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The religious ties and associations
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found it extremely difficult to com
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His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
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The English records from 1686 menti
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MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
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Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
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Some of the Muslim traders were so
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When the amount due to the merchant
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S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
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The decline of opportunities in shi
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Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
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Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
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He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
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and there were no Marakkayar trader
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Thus it will be seen tha there was
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Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
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The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
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was fished in the coastal belt of T
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At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
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A considerable population of Muslim
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withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
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On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
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in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
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and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
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References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233: indigenous languages can understand
Page 237 and 238: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240: Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242: Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244: Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246: The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248: think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250: &@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252: Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256: Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258: Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260: Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262: WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264: Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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