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K.S Mathew, op.cit. p. 103. K.S. Mathew, " Trade in Indian Ocean during the 16th century and the Port~i~uore." paper presented in the lnternational Symposium on Maritime History, Ponoi2herry Unlvorslty, 1989. ibld. Document8 lndica, ( ed) Jose Wicks Rome, ( Institute of Historicum Societatis Lesu 1948-79) . 11. p. 130 K.S. Mathew. Portuguese in Malabar, op cit p. 106. C.R. De Silva, op.cit. T.I. Poonen, The Dutch Beginning in lndia proper (1930) Sanjay Subramaniyan , Political Economy, op.cit, p. 168 Tapan Roy Choudry. Jan Company in Commandel I605 - 1690, A shdy In Inter ReIatrons o/ European Commerce and Tradt~onal Economics Khe Hague. 1963) pp 15-16 Sanjay Subrarnaniyan, Political Economy, op c~t p 168 C S Srinlvasachari, op.clt pp 110-1 11. ibid 117 ibld 147 F.C. Denvers, op.cit. I1 p. 257 ibid . p. 234 V lriddhaglrisan, op.cit, p.101 The Cambridge Histoly of India, Vol. V p 127 V iriddhagirisan. pp. 155-156 ibid.. 157 S. Arasaratnam, Companies and Commerce, op.cit. p. 66 ibid., 73-76 S. Arasaratnam " Dutch East lndia Company and the kingdom of Madura 1650 - 1700". TamU CMue, Vol. X. 1963, pp. 48-74 ( Hereafter Arasaratanam, Madura Klngdoml FC. Denvers, op.cit. I1 p. 93-94. R. Sathianatha lyer, op.cit. pp. 242-43; S. Arasaratnam, Madura kingdom, op cit; Arasaratnam, companies and commerce , op.cit p 80 R. Sathianatha lyer, op.cit. p. 244 S. Arasaratnam, Madura kingdom, op.cit R. sathlanatha lyer, op.cit. p. 260 S. Arasaratnarn, Madura Kingdom, op.cit. R. Sathianatha lyer, op.clt; S. Arasaratnam, " Politics and society in Tamil Nadu 1600 - 1800 A view in Historical perspective", Proceedings of the Third lnternational Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies Souvenir, Paris 1970; S. Arasaratnam, " Slave Trade in the 17th Century8' , paper presented in the Second International Symposium, on Maritlme studies, Pondlcherry Univers~ty, Dec , 1991.
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Commerce, op c~t p 72 S Raju. 77rru7p Maratm Marlda SP& . 50, op c11 p 16, W &r~urin 01 Said! bkir~i~ Palaecgraphy 11878) p 93. Sewell. 7he anmnmn R e m ~1 Ihe pesckrxy 01 .M&, p 281. VV lrkidhaglnsan, op clt pp 191 - 914 S Arasaratnam. Companies and Commerce. op .tit p 71 ~bld . p 78 ~ b . ~ p d 79 S Arasaratnam, 'Commercial pol!c$es,' op cit Corpus D,pIomat~cum Nerlande ~nd~cum 1'01 11 led) J E Heers, (The Hague 1934) pp 532 .36, as quoted by Arasaratnam. In. Commerc~al Pol~cy Governor and council of Ceylon to the Governor General and Councd. 17th Oct 1678. Kolonlale Archlef 1222 and 51. and 18th June 1680, 1224 32 as quoted ty SArasaratnam, In Commerc~al Pollcy. S Arasaratnam."A Note on Per~atharnbi Marakkayar, a 17111 Century commerclal magnat, 'Ta!ii,i L'ulNre Vol Xl 1 1964 pp 1 -7 Corpus Diplomat~cum Ne~rlande ~ndlcum, I11 pp 370 - 7. as quoted by S Arasaratnam. in Commercial pol~cy 1b1d , pp 377 80 S Arasaratnam. Compan~es and Commerce, op c~t p 82 Btshop R Caldwell, op cit p 79 A R P Dlary . II p. 139 1b1d p 216 - 218, 400 -401 Yusufl khan's letter to Madras counc~l rece~ved on 15th June 1760. M C Vol 8 pp 194 95 and 205 ib~d p 218. 5th July 1760 Moharned All's letter to Madras council, received on 3rd November 1777, MC Vol 19 ~247: MC Vol 21. pp 101 . 102. 4th May 1777 Mohamed Ah's letter to Madras Council 25th Feb 1776, M C Vol 25, p 12 'Alexander Wynch and Councll, 4th July 1775 , letter ro court of D~rectors Mllttary Despatches to England. Vol 10 pp 85 86 B Shelk All. Brtt~sh Relation u?rI, Hjder Ali ( Mpore 1963 ) pp 251 52 TNA. Mdlrarp consultar~ons, 1781 - Vol 73 c p 569 ib~d p 527 ib~d Vol 74 D pp 1489 1490 ib~d H.R Patc. T~nnelvel, Gazetteer . I p 77 D A Kotdawale."Musl~ms under htch d e m SnLanka 1638 - 1769. M& o/ S ihda led) M M Shukn, pp 167 - 185
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
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Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
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trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
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In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
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SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
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wife but also a pbce for board and
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Yonakar street or Yon street even t
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to be the merchant guild of the Mus
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which is considered to be a subcast
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Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
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No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66: The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68: CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70: W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72: 80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74: Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
Page 75 and 76: to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
Page 77 and 78: the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80: assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82: In 1537 the three captains of the Z
Page 83 and 84: V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86: An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88: Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90: However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92: ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94: The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96: The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98: to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100: The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102: A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104: The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106: The Myrore wars of subsequent times
Page 107 and 108: Under the English administration th
Page 109 and 110: for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112: and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114: Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115: C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 119 and 120: 130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122: 191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
Page 123 and 124: in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126: The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128: found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130: His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132: The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134: MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136: Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
Page 137 and 138: Some of the Muslim traders were so
Page 139 and 140: When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142: S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144: The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146: Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148: Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150: He had business connection in Singa
Page 151 and 152: At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154: and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168:
withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
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On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
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in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
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and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
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References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
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Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189:
TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191:
Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193:
The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
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the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
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equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199:
Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
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On arrival at the bride's residence
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at present. In many families among
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and hw described about each and eve
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tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
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Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
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Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213:
where we find references to the orn
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The purdha system is widely in prac
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The girls were married at a very ea
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The Muslims attach much importance
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and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
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The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
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The worship that takes place in the
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Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230:
(Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232:
Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234:
indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236:
Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238:
Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240:
Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242:
Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246:
The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248:
think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250:
&@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252:
Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256:
Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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