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Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non-vegetarian foods are preferred. Mutton, chicken, egg are cooked, fried, roasted with masala of cashew, badam, bista, almond and a variety spices. Pulavu (ghee fried rice) or biriyani (rice cooked with meat) is a must in feasts. Fish, prawn and dried fish occupy a pride of place in the kltchon. Most of them preparatlonc of non-vegetarian foods have the Influenca el Iral~lan and Turkiah curi~la 111 lllal birlya~~l 1% siy~~lllca~~l orlr, wt~lch han becomr the favourite non-vegetarian food of people in India irrespective of religion. Different sweet varieties are also taken. Sherbath and tea are their favourite beverages. It is lawful to eat the flesh of sheep, goat, deer, hare, rabbit, cow, bull female and male buffalo, camel, heron, duck, partridge, goose, snipe, pigeon etc. These animals and birds have to be cut in throat with the recitation of thakbir (Quranic verse) and only such meat has to be taken. The meat obtained in this way is called " haial" (permissible). It is unlawful to eat the flesh of allegator, turtle, frogs, crab, hog, wolf, tiger and the like and birds like hawk, kite, crow and vulture. Shrimps can be taken since it is only makroo (abominable) Fish found dead in the water is unlawful, but if it is taken out alive and dies afterwards it is lawful to take. It is unlawful to take intoxicating liquors and substances like ganja affin (opium) Achupaniyaram, inchikothupaniyaram, vellaiappam, koovai, agar agar, nanahath, thamroti, feerni, sheerni, naan, and kabaab, halwa, and jangiri are special types of sweets liked by Muslims. Because of the influence of the food habits of the Muslims the names of a number of food articles have mingled in Tamil such as kurma, sherbat, salna, masala, halva, and jangiri to quote a few.74 JEWELLERY AND ORNAMENTS Muslim women are madly fond of jewellery and ornaments. Thls is not only for decoration and ornamentation but to serve as a parameter of the financial stab of the family. We find reference about the various ornaments and Jewels made of gold, silver and other precious stones which were in use in Tamil society in the Sangarn and post Sangam literatures and inscriptions. A visual representaion of all these ornaments and their designs can be seen in the temple sculptures, bronze figures and ancient paintings. The Tamil Muslim women also wear such ornaments besides some special types of their own. Sonakan sidukku, an ornament mentioned in Raja Raja's inscriptions at Thanjavur Big Temple is
worn on the head and might have introduced by the Muslims76. The Muaim women wear different kinds of gold and silver ornaments (like Hindu women) in their ear, nose, neck, arms, fingers, waist, feet, ankle and toe. Most of these jewellary are in Hindu pattern, differing in details and designs. Muslim women bore ear and nose much in the Hindu fashion. Apart from the conventional ear ornaments, the Marakkayar, Rawthar and Labbai women bore their entire ear lobes and wear a gold ornament called vali arasilai or alarkothu which consists of rings made of thin wire with leaf design of peepal tree hanging from it. Arab and Persian women do have such bores in their ear but they never bore nose76. So boring of the nose is copied by the Muslim women from the Hindu society. Muslim women wear different types of ornaments like thodu, (earlet), thongattan (pendent from ear) mattal, (worn with ear stud and tukked in hair to counter the weight). Vali arasalai or alarkothu for the ears; mookuthl (nose stud) of different patterns, bangles, fingerrings and kadagam in arms; parumani, gothumaimani, padakkam, attiyal, kasumalai, governor malai, thali chain, black beaded string (Thali) studded with gold beads and presious stones; sarappalli, kothu vadam kantasaram, mutharam, (pearl pendent) and many other types of chains and pendents in the neck; Jadaipillai, Thalaivattam, pirai, and kondaippoo on the head; ottiyanam in the waist; thandai, silambu, and golusu in the ankle; and toe ring for the toes. In some rich families, the ornaments worn in the ankle are all made of gold. Most of the married Muslim women wear toe ring in the second toe or some times in the third and fourth also to signify the marital status as in the case of Hindu women. But among the Marakkayar women in some places like Adirampattanam wearing of toe ring is not found. In all these ornaments no figures of any kind is engraved but only floral designs, Lunar and star designs and Arabic letters are found77. Islamic Tamil literatures give a long list of ornaments worn by Muslim women. Saithakkathiru Marakkayar Thirumanavazhthu (referred supra) excel in this respect
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
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During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
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Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
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There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
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Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
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SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
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Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
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wife but also a pbce for board and
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Yonakar street or Yon street even t
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to be the merchant guild of the Mus
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which is considered to be a subcast
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Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
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inscription and said the term marak
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No doubt this is to enhance their e
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The Portuguese used this plural hon
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CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
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W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
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80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
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assistance of the Dutch. In return
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In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
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ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
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The Portuguese never extended such
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to the English and Pondichery to Fr
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The french settlements were a heave
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A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
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The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
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The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
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and confident merchants as share ho
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Choudy alleges that the English Eas
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C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
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S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
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130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
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191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
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The religious ties and associations
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found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
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The English records from 1686 menti
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MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
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Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
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Some of the Muslim traders were so
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When the amount due to the merchant
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S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
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The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146:
Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
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Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
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He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
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and there were no Marakkayar trader
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Thus it will be seen tha there was
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Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174: in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181: References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183: Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240: Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242: Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244: Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246: The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248: think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250: &@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252: Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256: Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258: Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260: Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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