maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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References Susan Bayly, op.cit. 73.74 T.Jayarajan op.cit., p.22, S.M.Sulaiman and MM. Ismail, blam and Indian Religion and Tamil Culture Rlniverslty of Madras 1977) p.11; P. Subramanlan, op.cit. pp. 43-44. S.M. Sulaiman and M.M. Ismail, op.cit., p.3-4. Souvenir of the second World Tamil Conference. Madras 1968 (Eng) p.15 A.B.M. Habibullah, The FoundaNon of Muslim Rule inlndia, (Allahabad 1967) p.15. Jamila Brilbushan, Muslim women in and out o/ N. ( Vikas publishing how, NewDelhi 1990), p 1 Susan Bayiy, op.cit., p.73. Nikshoy-C-ChetterJi. A H~stoy of Modern Middie East, (New Delhl 19871, pp.6-7. Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. VI. p. 278-82. lbid vol.lll p.158 Ibid. p. 163 ibid. Dictionary of Islam, Thomes Patric Hughes, (New Delhi 1973). Jafhrr Shureeff, &~m-i.Irhm, orthe ~ tomo/M&moi~, 6mpid-g a rWam'wart-f dlheir m&us n'ks andcemmier from the mmt of M B the hcw d&ah ( New Dehi 1863), Rept. 1991) p.160. Quadir Hussain Khan, South lndan Mussalmans (Madras 19101; p.59. Sekh Rahim Mondal, op.cit, p.34 Quadir Hussaln Khan, op.cit., p.61. W. Francis, op.cit., p.87; Edgar Thruston, Vol. V, p.2. Quadir Hussani Khan, op.cit., p.62; from interview with Sulaiman Marakkayar of Kayalpattanam and Jaffar Muhaiyadin Marakkayar of Nagore. Mattison Mines, op.cit., p 162. ibid. 164. J.M. Thoburn, India itk society Culture and Religion (Jaipur, 1989) p. 114. T. JaysraJan, op.cit, p.45; particulars collected in field study in placer like Nagapattanam, Karaikkal, Tondi, Kilakkarai. Vedalai, Kayalpattanam and Kulasekarapattanarn Jaffur Shureeff, op.cit., p.95 Mullb op.clt., pp.509-510; Quadir Hussain Khan op.cit., p.70; S.M. Sulaiman and M.M. Ismail, op.cit, p.7-8. A.R.E., 104/1948. W. Francis, op.cit., 87-88.
Edward William Lane, Arabian Society in the M~ddle Ages, ( New Jersy. 1987) p.234. Syed Abdul Razack. " Social and Cultural life of the Carnatic Nawabs and Nobles as glened through Persian Sources, 1746 - 1855," unpublished M.Phil Thesis, Unlversity of Madras, 1978. Partlculars collected In an Interview with Syed Mohamed Hussain, writer and publisher, Madras. Edgar Thurston, op.cit., Vol V. p 5 T. Jayarajan, op.cit., p.99. Shaik Akbar Hussain, Marriage Customs among the Muslims of India. (New Delhl. 1976), p.142. T. Jayarajan, op.cit., p. 100 Information collected In at interview with Jaffar Mohideen Marakkayar, Nagore; T. Jayarajan, op.cit., p.61. "Salthakkathiru Marakkayar Thjmmana Vazthu" , Ettayapuram Umarkathab Pulavar, produced in the last quarter of 17th century which contain 448 cuplets. ibid., cuplet. 87 Ibid., cuplet, 124 !bid., cuplet, 130-140 ibid., cuplet, 146-148. ibid., cuplet, 149. ibid ibid., cuplet, 162.169. ibid., cuplet, 171. Ibid. Ibid., cuplet, 190-199. ibid., cuplet. 207-208. Ibid, cuplet, 313. ibid.. cuplet. 319. ibld.. cuplet. 323-330. ibld., cuplet. 345-346. ibld., cuplet, 363. ibid.. cupiet. 410 Seerapuranam, Urnaru Pulavar. Manampuri Padalam, 58-73. S.M. Sulaiman and M.N. Ismail, op.ci. p.8. Jaffur Shureeff, op.cit., p.171 Islamic Encyclopaedia. Vol.1; particulars collected in field work at Nagore, Kilakkaral and Kayalpattanarn Jaffur shureeff, op.cit., 11-20. Particulars collected from interview with Prof. Sayabu Marakkayar and Prof. Naseema Banu of Karaikkal
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6:
J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
Page 7 and 8:
Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
Page 49 and 50:
M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82:
In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
Page 111 and 112:
and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
Page 121 and 122:
191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132:
The English records from 1686 menti
Page 133 and 134:
MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136:
Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
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Some of the Muslim traders were so
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When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142:
S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144:
The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146:
Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148:
Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150:
He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154:
and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156:
Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158:
Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160:
The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162:
was fished in the coastal belt of T
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At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166:
A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168:
withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172:
On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174:
in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176:
and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181:
References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183:
Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185:
Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187:
TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 241 and 242: Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244: Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246: The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248: think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250: &@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252: Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256: Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258: Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260: Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262: WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264: Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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