maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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Suaori I3nyly, up cil 1) 146 M. Abdul Rahim, Dargah at Nagore, op.cit. Census Report of India 1911. Vol. Xi1 pt. Ill para 40. p 101; Encyclopaedia and Ethics, Vol. II p.64. Trimgham Spencer, J.. Islam in east Afr~ca (Oxford. 1963) p. 101; Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. II p.64. For Arab Tamil, please see M M Uwalse. Musllm co~~tribution to Tamll INlratum (kllakkarai 19901 p.229-240; M.M Meeran Pillai. " Arabic Tamilin Thotram" Research Bulletin of the V th international conference semlnar of Islamic Tamil literature, Killakarai 1990 pp 335-347; A M. Samy, Islamia Themlzh Idhazgal (Madras. 1994) pp 58-61. Particulars collected in the field studies in the coastal Muslim towns and villages. Particulars collectd among the Marakkayars in Coastal Town and Villages: M.S.Dalgoda. Portuguese vocables in Asiatic Languages (Rpt); New Delhl 1988); E.C. Knowiton, J.R. " Portuguese Tamil Lingunstic contacts," Proceedings of the First International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studles, Kulalampur 1986. vol 11, pp. 607- 617. May S Serjentson. A Histow a/ Foreign words in English (Bernard and Nobie) ( New York. 1961) p 234 V.I. Subramaniyan, " Musl~m Literatures in Tamil. "Tamil Culture "vol. IV. No.l January, 1985, p. 75 S M Sulaiman and M M Ismail, op cit p 8; J Raja Mohamad. " Islamic Architecture in Tamil Nadu. " Project Report submitted to the Nehru Trust, New Delhi, 1996.( small study research grant of Nehru Trust, New Delhi).
Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period of our study is one in which the native trade was generally in decline. In that the maritime activities of the Muslims of the Coromandel met with drastic changes and it was closely linked with the political conditions of the region. This study is an earnest attempt to focus about the role of the Muslims in the maritime activities on the Coromandel and their social customs. lslam was well established in peninsular lndia long anterior to the crystallisation of medieval Muslim kingdom in North India. The age old trade contact between the Arabs and Tamils was responsible for such a religious intercourse. Arab traders who frequented south Indian ports from the close of seventh century, came as the followers of the new faith, Islam. They married the women of the coast and settled permanently or semi permanently. They spread the message of the Prophet Mohamed among the masses. The teachings of lslam caught the attention of the people of the peninsula, who were struggling for basic human rights in the then caste infested Hindu social system. Thus the peaceful preaching o! these merchants and the mystics who accompanied them, induced the underprivileged to embrace lslam and thus the process of lslamisation in peninsular lndia and particularly in Coromandel Coast was peaceful and voluntary and was not spread with sword as alleged by some scholars. It is a historic fact that the Muslim rulers who were associated with the politics of Coromandel for some time had nothing to do with the spread of Islam. Evidences are wanting to postulate their proselitizing activities. The descendants of the Arabs through the native women and the people who embraced lslam who came to be called as Marakkayars, Labbais and Rawthars (Sonakar, Thulukkar) continued the Arab maritime tradition and they dominated the maritime trade and allied activities in Coromandel Coast and were living in peace within the larger society, as Tamils. The location of the ports and the commodities that were available for export were well suited for their overseas enterprises. Hence the maritime commerce of the Eastern lands
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
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During my field work. I interviewed
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J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
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Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
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However the Muslims were no match t
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Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
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Chapter two outlines the geographic
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at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
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At the beginning of nineteenth cent
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There were Muslim weavers in large
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The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
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and they have been pooled together
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Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
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community of the present day Tamil
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Most of the Coromandel ports were l
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trading communltles and their settl
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acquired the knowledge about the oc
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Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
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polygais reorganised the admlnistra
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In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
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SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
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Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
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wife but also a pbce for board and
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Yonakar street or Yon street even t
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to be the merchant guild of the Mus
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which is considered to be a subcast
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Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
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inscription and said the term marak
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No doubt this is to enhance their e
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The Portuguese used this plural hon
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CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
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W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
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80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
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Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
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assistance of the Dutch. In return
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In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
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An impressive fort was built at Nag
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Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
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However the Dutch web caught hold o
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ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
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The Portuguese never extended such
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to the English and Pondichery to Fr
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The french settlements were a heave
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A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
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The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
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The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
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and confident merchants as share ho
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Choudy alleges that the English Eas
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C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
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S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
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130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
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191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
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The religious ties and associations
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found it extremely difficult to com
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His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
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The English records from 1686 menti
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MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
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Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
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Some of the Muslim traders were so
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When the amount due to the merchant
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S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
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The decline of opportunities in shi
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Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
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Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
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He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
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and there were no Marakkayar trader
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Thus it will be seen tha there was
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Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
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The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
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was fished in the coastal belt of T
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At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
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A considerable population of Muslim
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withstand the strong mansoon winds
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weather, sea and its bottom topogra
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On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
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in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
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and others they could not get inter
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There was lack of creativity and in
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References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
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Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185:
Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
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TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
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TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
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Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 206 and 207: tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240: Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241: Particular collected in Interviews
Page 245 and 246: The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248: think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250: &@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252: Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256: Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258: Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260: Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262: WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264: Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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