maritime activities economy and social customs of the muslims of ...

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tho idontlty of the Muvllms and to airenyil~or~ the individual's falth. But we find so many Hindu names and terminations among the Muslims like Chinnathambi, Periathambi, Nallathambi .Ambaiam. Servai and Muslim names with Hindu terminations like Allahpitchai, Kuppai Mohamed, Fakirappa, Seeniappa and so on59, Such names were accepted as Muslim personnal names due to the influence of Hindu culture and shows the humanitarian affection and bond between the different religious groups which set a foundation for the unity in diversity. A scholar in his recent book has written that Muslims began to use Hindu names and terminations to conceal their identity to escape the attack and wrath of the Portuguese. This is totally rn~sconceived~~. On the fortyth day function, which is considered to be the end of the period of pollution, the mother and the child are bathed and the mother offers prayers. Sweet candy is prepared and distributed to the relatives. A grand lunch feast is offered to the friends and relatives by the mother's household. Jewels and decorative6 are offered to the child by the father In the case of Marakkayars and by the maternal grandfather of the child in the case of other subsects. The child is placed in a new cradle and songs of Islamic themes are sung along with the roar of kuluvai. The functions are very elaberate for the first child and lesser to the subsequent onea. In the birth ceremonies many Hindu customs and beliefs have crept into the Muslim society. When a woman is pregnant she appeals to the saints for the safe delivery and vows to contribute her mite. The movements of the pregnant woman is restricted during lunar eclipse. A period of pollution for forty days is observed after child birth, to prevent the approach of evil spirits. Some people prepare the horoscope for their children. In the event of successive deaths of children, the new born is sold to the father of many children and named like Kuppai (waste) and repurchased from him on payment of some quantity of rice barn. The mother is bound by self denial for forty days and not allowed to pray or fast, and cannot touch the Holy Quran. Among the Muslims such customs are found in no other country6'. KHATHNA Khathna (circumcision) among the Muslims is directed to be performed between the age of seven and fourteen, though occassionally it is done either before or after that perlod.
Should an adult ol a tllffurur~i ~~urn~~nlloi~ IIU ~luqlro~l- 01 (1111Ilrer1nu lalam Irul at thr same time dreaded undergoing the operatlon. it Is not ossentlally necessary that he should be circumcised. The devine canard Is that he be initiated Into the tenets of the faith62. A Muslim traveller of tenth century writes that the people of India were not circ~mcised~~. There is neither an injunction nor it is a Quranic law to do circumcision, but it is a tradition, ~unna~~. Further there are no original sources to trace the origin of Khathna or circumcision in Islamic society65. Circumcision was practiced by tho Jews and Arabs in pre-Islamic times. In the Old Testament it is stated "And Abraham cirscumcised his son lssasc being eight days old when his son was born on to him"66. In popular parlance circumcision is called Sunnath or Khathna. In olden days circumcision was performed by the family barber and the medicines for healing was administered by him. (But in modern times it is being done by professional medical men). Among the Tamil speaking Muslims this ceremony is known as "Markkakalyanam", a sort of initiation ceremony into the religion much in Hindu fashion. When a person embraces Islam, cirscumcission is obligatory. Muslims celebrate this private domestic function with much fanfare6'. Now a days invitation are printed to invite the relatives and friends like that of the marriage. Feast is arranged to the invities. Friends and relatives offer presents to the child to be cirscumcised. If there is a girl in the house, the ear boring ceremony is also held along with circumcission cermony. In that case the maternal uncle has to present the ear1ets.h circumcission ceremony we also find the influence of Tamil or Hindu culture in all aspects. This custom is also handed down from generations and being followed to this day, of course with minor changes.lt is interestingto note that some of the caste Hindus like Piramalai Kallars (Madrurai district) have copied and practical circumcission to their children. PUBERTY CELEBRATION In a Muslim family when a girl attains puberty,the relatives are informed by the parents of the girl. It is a way of conveying the message that a girl is ready for marriage because in those days the girls were married at a very early age. On the day of attaining puberty. the girl is bathed ceremoneously in the presence of the close relatives. The maternal uncle sends eggs , milk, fruits and sweets. In the case of Marakksyars the father's household sends eggs, gingily oil , black gram, coconut, etc. since the girl lives with her mother's family. A food stuff called 'kali' (a combination of rice and black gram flour) is re pared and given to the girl for a few days.
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MARITIME ACTIVITIES ECONOMY AND SOC
Page 3 and 4:
During my field work. I interviewed
Page 5 and 6:
J RAJA MOHAMAD CURATOR GOVERNMENT M
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Key to Abbrevlmtlonm ARE ARP BOR FS
Page 9 and 10:
Chapter - I INTRODUCTION A study of
Page 11 and 12:
However the Muslims were no match t
Page 14 and 15:
Secondary Sources Castes and Tribes
Page 16 and 17:
Chapter two outlines the geographic
Page 18 and 19:
at Tranquebar. Their trading activi
Page 20 and 21:
At the beginning of nineteenth cent
Page 22 and 23:
There were Muslim weavers in large
Page 24 and 25:
The Tamil speaking Muslims of Corom
Page 26 and 27:
and they have been pooled together
Page 28 and 29:
Chapter I1 THE COROMANDEL COAST The
Page 30 and 31:
community of the present day Tamil
Page 33 and 34:
Most of the Coromandel ports were l
Page 35 and 36:
trading communltles and their settl
Page 37 and 38:
acquired the knowledge about the oc
Page 39 and 40:
Kenneth Hall. op. dt. p - 167. A.R.
Page 41 and 42:
polygais reorganised the admlnistra
Page 43 and 44:
In 1736 the rulers of Tamil country
Page 45 and 46:
SethupathkofRamaMthapaoam. Lwas~fra
Page 47 and 48:
Chapter IV THE MUSLIMS OF COROMANDE
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M~~llnlppattu, Ncd~~nnlvndnl,Prr~~m
Page 51 and 52:
wife but also a pbce for board and
Page 53 and 54:
Yonakar street or Yon street even t
Page 55 and 56:
to be the merchant guild of the Mus
Page 57 and 58:
which is considered to be a subcast
Page 59 and 60:
Muslims of Tamil Nadu as Lovai. It
Page 61 and 62:
inscription and said the term marak
Page 63 and 64:
No doubt this is to enhance their e
Page 65 and 66:
The Portuguese used this plural hon
Page 67 and 68:
CHOUAS The Wrds of the Dutch, Engli
Page 69 and 70:
W. Roboltson Smlth, Mp and manisge
Page 71 and 72:
80. Qusdir Hussain Khan, op.clt., p
Page 73 and 74:
Chapter - V EUROPEANS ON THE COROMA
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to be friendly with Portuguese. Rul
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the Muslims had established firmly
Page 79 and 80:
assistance of the Dutch. In return
Page 81 and 82:
In 1537 the three captains of the Z
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V. I1 . THE DUTCH The Hollanders -
Page 85 and 86:
An impressive fort was built at Nag
Page 87 and 88:
Ekojl the Maratha general was insta
Page 89 and 90:
However the Dutch web caught hold o
Page 91 and 92:
ejected a similar offer made to Col
Page 93 and 94:
The Dutch took the Coromandel texti
Page 95 and 96:
The Portuguese never extended such
Page 97 and 98:
to the English and Pondichery to Fr
Page 99 and 100:
The french settlements were a heave
Page 101 and 102:
A record of Fort St. George of 28 J
Page 103 and 104:
The settlement of Madras ( Fort. St
Page 105 and 106:
The Myrore wars of subsequent times
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Under the English administration th
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for local representatives. Most of
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and confident merchants as share ho
Page 113 and 114:
Choudy alleges that the English Eas
Page 115 and 116:
C Sivarathnam, Tamils m Ceylon , (
Page 117 and 118:
S Arasaratnam. Conlpan~eb and Comme
Page 119 and 120:
130. B.Krishnamoorthy op cit ; Ch~e
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191, ibid 192 lbld p 192. 193. S. A
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in the m t h centuxy A.D.. the Atab
Page 125 and 126:
The religious ties and associations
Page 127 and 128:
found it extremely difficult to com
Page 129 and 130:
His ships sailed to Pulicat, PortoN
Page 131 and 132:
The English records from 1686 menti
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MARITIME TRADE At the beginning of
Page 135 and 136:
Similarly the Cholia Muslim were we
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Some of the Muslim traders were so
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When the amount due to the merchant
Page 141 and 142:
S i Moharned, and lbmhim ~agudha~'.
Page 143 and 144:
The decline of opportunities in shi
Page 145 and 146:
Even in the kt decatk of the nbwtem
Page 147 and 148:
Malabar and Bengal ports. This fami
Page 149 and 150:
He had business connection in Singa
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At Kulasekarapuram , Hassankhan Sir
Page 153 and 154:
and there were no Marakkayar trader
Page 155 and 156: Thus it will be seen tha there was
Page 157 and 158: Korkai of Sangam period gave way to
Page 159 and 160: The Dutch took over the pearl fishe
Page 161 and 162: was fished in the coastal belt of T
Page 163 and 164: At KikWcarai a certain wnMbution of
Page 165 and 166: A considerable population of Muslim
Page 167 and 168: withstand the strong mansoon winds
Page 169 and 170: weather, sea and its bottom topogra
Page 171 and 172: On thei anival at Commandel the Dut
Page 173 and 174: in defence and tradeZz5. This is an
Page 175 and 176: and others they could not get inter
Page 177: There was lack of creativity and in
Page 180 and 181: References Pratandha Thjrnttu, Dr.
Page 182 and 183: Chief of PortoNovo to the chief of
Page 184 and 185: Somerset Playne, op.cit. p.4686; Pa
Page 186 and 187: TNA Judicial Consultation, Vol 242
Page 188 and 189: TNA Madurai District Record, Vo1.47
Page 190 and 191: Sarada Raju. op. cit pp.200 - 201.
Page 192 and 193: The Arabic word lslam cannotes subm
Page 194 and 195: the Shariath by Ulamas and Alims le
Page 196 and 197: equal status. Ranking as in caste s
Page 198 and 199: Tho elaborate rituals and ceremonie
Page 200 and 201: On arrival at the bride's residence
Page 202 and 203: at present. In many families among
Page 204 and 205: and hw described about each and eve
Page 208 and 209: Puberty ceremony is generally celeb
Page 210 and 211: Lunch and dinner is mostly rice Non
Page 212 and 213: where we find references to the orn
Page 214 and 215: The purdha system is widely in prac
Page 216 and 217: The girls were married at a very ea
Page 218 and 219: The Muslims attach much importance
Page 220 and 221: and also to the poor in Mecca and ~
Page 222 and 223: The Mira) or Mihura) night is consi
Page 224 and 225: The worship that takes place in the
Page 226: Such festivals were celebrated with
Page 229 and 230: (Though this is a good study to int
Page 231 and 232: Dargah worship is much familiar amo
Page 233 and 234: indigenous languages can understand
Page 235 and 236: Kinship term Marakkayar Labbai Rowt
Page 237 and 238: Muslims have enriched the voccabula
Page 239 and 240: Edward William Lane, Arabian Societ
Page 241 and 242: Particular collected in Interviews
Page 243 and 244: Chapter Vlll CONCLUSION The Period
Page 245 and 246: The Coromandel Muslims did not atta
Page 247 and 248: think that the Coromandel Muslim so
Page 249 and 250: &@ cqhnwm~ch nw&m g m ~ 6 m @ mCw@
Page 251 and 252: Imam Maulavl Mauzln Mdadun Nabi Nar
Page 253 and 254: BIBLIOGRAPHY Intensive field studie
Page 255 and 256: Kambaramayanarn Kandar Alankaram Ka
Page 257 and 258:
Report of Customs Committee, Madras
Page 259 and 260:
Magbul Ahamed. S.. lndo Arab Relati
Page 261 and 262:
WUkr. Col.. Historical sketches of
Page 263 and 264:
Sarlri . B.S., " P o w in South Irl
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