U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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CHAPTER 5ADVANCING AREGIONAL APPROACHThe nation’s ocean and coastal resources offer many opportunities for beneficialuses but are also affected by the cumulative impacts of human activities that spancities, counties, states, and sometimes nations. To move toward an ecosystembasedmanagement approach, government should have the institutionalcapacity to respond to ocean and coastal issues in a coordinated fashionacross jurisdictional boundaries.The voluntary establishment of regional ocean councils, developedthrough a process supported by the National Ocean Council, wouldfacilitate the development of regional goals and priorities andimprove responses to regional issues. Improved coordination of federalagencies at the regional level would complement the establishmentof regional ocean councils, improving the federal response tostate and local needs while furthering national goals and priorities.The development and dissemination of regionally significantresearch and information is imperative to meet the informationneeds of managers and support ecosystem-based decisions.Addressing Issues Across Jurisdictional LinesIn addition to improving coordination at the national level, as describedin Chapter 4, an important component of the new National OceanPolicy Framework is the strengthening of regional approaches that allowdecision makers to address pressing ocean and coastal issues on an ecosystembasedscale. Today’s governance systems are generally not designed to transcendtraditional political boundaries. Governments rarely consider opportunities orimpacts outside their immediate jurisdictional area, although these borders seldom correspondwith ecosystem boundaries. In addition, individual agency mandates are often toonarrow in scope, sector-based, and poorly coordinated to address regional issues. Finally,broadly accepted regional goals—social, economic, and environmental—are infrequentlyavailable to promote and gauge progress.Despite these challenges, there are many instances where concern for the health of aparticular ecosystem has motivated a wide range of participants to create new structuresfor addressing regional concerns. The declining health of the Chesapeake Bay triggered a86 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
significant initiative by federal agencies, state and local governments, nongovernmentalorganizations, and other stakeholders to address the region’s water quality and livingresource problems. In the Pacific Northwest, a similar mix of governmental and nongovernmentalentities came together to address the decline in endangered salmon stocks.Efforts to address the growing hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico brought togetherseveral Gulf states, as well as states throughout the Mississippi River Basin. Water qualityand quantity issues spurred the development of multiple regional initiatives among GreatLakes states and Canadian provinces. The United States and Canada are also partners inarea-wide efforts to enhance environmental quality in the Gulf of Maine. Additionally, U.S.island states and territories are collaborating to develop strategies to protect and preservecoral reef ecosystems and address impacts due to climate change. Several examples ofregional coordination are described in Box 5.1.Regional efforts are usually initiated at the grassroots level in response to pressing,shared concerns. Ideally, these bottom-up efforts are complemented by federal support,creating conditions where all levels of decision making strive to move in concert towardcommon ecosystem goals. Partnerships developed at the regional level can take optimumadvantage of the expertise, resources, and infrastructure found in federal, state, and localgovernments, as well as in industry, academia, and other nongovernmental entities.There is a growing awareness that regional approaches can benefit each of the nation’socean and coastal regions. Focusing efforts within whole ecosystems, rather than arbitrarypolitical boundaries, provides an opportunity for decision makers at all levels to coordinatetheir activities, reduce duplication of efforts, minimize conflicts, and maximize limitedresources. It also promotes a sense of stewardship among government, private interests,and the public by encouraging a shared feeling of connection to a specific area.Facilitating Bottom-Up Regional ResponsesNational Support and GuidelinesAn important element of the proposed National Ocean Policy Framework is developmentof a voluntary process for a wide range of participants (including federal, state, territorial,tribal, and local leaders, and participants from the private sector, nongovernmental organizations,and academia) to establish regional ocean councils. Although the process shouldbe implemented by those most directly involved, broad national guidelines can provide ameasure of consistency and help ensure minimum standards for performance while allowingeach region to tailor its approach to meet unique needs. A flexible approach is essentialin view of the dramatic variations in environmental, political, social, and economicconditions across the country. With its broad mandate and high-level visibility, theNational Ocean Council will be in a good position to encourage and facilitate the processof bringing participants together at the regional level.Recommendation 5–1The National Ocean Council should work with Congress, the President’s Council of Advisorson Ocean Policy, and state, territorial, tribal, and local leaders, including representatives fromthe private sector, nongovernmental organizations, and academia, to develop a flexible andvoluntary process for the creation of regional ocean councils. States, working with relevantstakeholders, should use this process to establish regional ocean councils, with support fromthe National Ocean Council.C HAPTER 5: ADVANCING A R EGIONAL A PPROACH 87
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77: Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79: chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 80 and 81: coastal watershed counties grew by
Page 82 and 83: One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 84 and 85: 30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
Page 86 and 87: CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
Page 88 and 89: ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
Page 90 and 91: The legislation was prompted by the
Page 92 and 93: The architects of ocean-related pro
Page 94 and 95: Congress on ocean and coastal issue
Page 96 and 97: Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 100 and 101: USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
Page 102 and 103: Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
Page 104 and 105: damage is also high, managers shoul
Page 106 and 107: Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
Page 108 and 109: PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
Page 110 and 111: The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
Page 113 and 114: PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
Page 115 and 116: Government agencies work on these a
Page 117 and 118: Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
Page 119 and 120: • reach out to state, territorial
Page 121 and 122: Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
Page 123: References1 National Research Counc
Page 127 and 128: The California Bay-Delta Authority
Page 129 and 130: Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
Page 131 and 132: Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
Page 133 and 134: data collection efforts are essenti
Page 136 and 137: CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
Page 138 and 139: nisms for managing new ocean uses.
Page 140 and 141: sure that disputes are resolved and
Page 142 and 143: Reserve System, which is made up of
Page 144: Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
Page 147 and 148: Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
Page 149 and 150: Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
Page 151 and 152: Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
Page 153 and 154: Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
Page 155 and 156: Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
Page 159 and 160: PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
Page 161 and 162: Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
Page 163 and 164: Therefore, the interaction and invo
Page 165 and 166: NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
Page 167 and 168: Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
Page 169 and 170: Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
Page 171 and 172: Bridging the Gap between Scientists
Page 173 and 174: Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 642 and 643:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
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programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
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monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
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jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
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single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
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Service, 215, 260Economic Research
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pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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