U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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Table 29.1 U.S. Participation in International Ocean AgreementsAn examination of ocean-related international treaties and agreements reveals the wide range of international ocean policyissues, including fisheries management, species protection, vessel safety, and coral reef preservation. (Note: some of the listedagreements are not formal treaties or conventions, and thus, ratification is not applicable.)Agreement NameDescriptionDate ofAgreementUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Related AgreementsUnited NationsConvention on theLaw of the Sea(LOS)LOS is a comprehensive regime of law and orderfor the world’s oceans and seas. LOS is comprisedof 320 articles and 9 annexes and governs allaspects of ocean space, such as delimitation, pollutioncontrol, scientific research, resource management,technology transfer, and dispute settlement.DateEnteredInto ForceHas theU.S.Signed?Has theU.S.Ratified?12/10/82 11/16/94 No NoAgreement on PartXI of the LOSConvention(Deep SeabedMining Agreement)Fisheries-related AgreementsAgreement for theImplementation ofthe LOS Relating tothe Conservation andManagement ofStraddling Fish Stocksand Highly MigratoryFish Stocks (FSA)This agreement amends the LOS regime governingthe deep seabed, reflecting a shift to morefree-market oriented policies. It modifies decisionmaking to reflect political and economic interestsand financial contributions of states, while retainingthe principle that the seabed is the “commonheritage of mankind.”The FSA sets out principles for the conservationand management of straddling stocks and highlymigratory fish on the high seas and places newregulatory authority in the hands of regionalfishery bodies.07/28/94 07/28/96 Yes No08/04/95 12/11/01 Yes YesAgreement to PromoteCompliance withInternationalConservation andManagement Measuresby Fishing Vessels onthe High SeasInternationalConvention for theConservation ofAtlantic Tunas (ICCAT)Marine EnvironmentConvention on thePrevention of MarinePollution by Dumpingof Wastes and OtherMatter(London Convention)Protocol to theLondon ConventionThe Compliance Agreement promotes complianceby fishing vessels on the high seas with internationalconservation and management measures. Itrequires a party to make all efforts to ensure thatvessels flying its flag do not engage in any activitythat undermines the conservation or managementof biological resources.ICCAT is a fishery treaty for the conservation oftunas and tuna-like species in the Atlantic Oceanand its adjacent seas.The London Convention regulates the disposal ofwaste materials into the sea. It establishes “blackandgray-lists” for wastes that can be consideredfor disposal at sea according to the hazard theypresent to the environment.The Protocol is more restrictive than theConvention and in principal part creates a“reverse list,” which implies that all dumping isprohibited unless explicitly permitted.11/24/93 04/24/03 Yes Yes05/14/66 03/21/69 Yes Yes12/29/72 08/30/75 Yes Yes11/08/96 Not in Yes Noforce446 A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Participation in International Ocean AgreementsAgreement NameInternationalConvention for thePrevention of Pollutionfrom Ships(MARPOL 1973/1978)DescriptionMarine Environment (continued)MARPOL is concerned with the prevention ofaccidental and operational vessel-source pollution.It is implemented through six technicalannexes. Annexes I (oil) and II (noxious liquidscarried in bulk) are mandatory. Annexes III(harmful substances carried in package form),IV (sewage), V (garbage from ships), and VI (airemissions) are optional.Date ofAgreementDateEnteredInto ForceHas theU.S.Signed?Has theU.S.Ratified?MARPOL10/02/83 Yes YesAnnexes I and II10/02/83 Yes YesAnnex III07/01/92 Yes YesAnnex IV09/27/03 No NoAnnex V12/31/88 Yes YesAnnex VIScheduledto enterinto force5/19/05YesNoGlobal Plan of Actionfor the Protection ofthe Marine Environmentfrom Land-basedActivities (GPA)The GPA is designed to be a source of conceptualand practical guidance to be drawn upon bynational and/or regional authorities in devisingand implementing sustained action to prevent,reduce, control, and eliminate marine degradationfrom land-based activities.11/03/95Not atreatySupportedNotapplicableConvention on theConservation ofAntarctic MarineLiving Resources(CCAMLR)Antarctic TreatyProtocol onEnvironmental Protectionto the Antarctic TreatyDeclaration on theEstablishment of theArctic CouncilBoundary Waters TreatyCCAMLR established a <strong>Commission</strong> with theauthority to adopt measures for the conservationof Antarctic marine living resources, includingthe designation of protected species, open andclosed seasons and areas for harvesting, andcatch limits.The Treaty provides that Antarctica shall be usedfor peaceful purposes only and for scientific investigationand cooperation. It prohibits nuclearexplosions and disposal of radioactive waste.The Protocol provides for the comprehensive protectionof the Antarctic environment anddependent and associated ecosystems.The Arctic Council is a high-level forum thatpromotes cooperation, coordination, and interactionamong Arctic states, with the involvement ofArctic indigenous communities on common issues(except military security), in particular, sustainabledevelopment and environmental protection inthe Arctic.This treaty established the International Joint<strong>Commission</strong> between the United States andCanada to prevent and resolve disputes relatingto the use and quality of boundary waters such asthe Great Lakes.05/20/80 04/07/82 Yes Yes12/01/59 06/23/61 Yes Yes10/04/91 01/14/98 Yes Yes09/19/96Not atreatySupportedNotapplicable01/11/1909 05/05/1910 Yes YesC HAPTER 29: ADVANCING INTERNATIONAL OCEAN SCIENCE AND POLICY 447
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435: An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437: nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439: One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441: Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443: Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445: Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447: Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456: University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460: communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462: A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464: surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466: References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468: Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470: to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472: Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474: • coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476: Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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Page 487 and 488: Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490: Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492: International Ocean Science Program
Page 493: Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497: CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499: Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501: Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503: also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505: Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507: Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508: Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512: • Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514: Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516: Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518: Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520: • expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522: Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524: Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526: • expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528: Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530: Recommendation 10-2The National Oce
Page 531 and 532: Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534: Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Comprehensive Environmental Respons
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Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
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Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
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Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
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APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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Page 638 and 639:
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Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
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federal area-based programs,34, 150
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integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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