U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coastal Areas.................................................................................................34Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”—The Great Lakes ................................................................38Box. 2.1 Public Meetings of the U.S. <strong>Commission</strong> on Ocean Policy ...................................57Box P.1 Acknowledging Change: The Need to Update Federal Laws ..................................73Box 5.1 Regional Approaches at Work ....................................................................................88Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Regional Ocean Councils.................................................91Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Federal and Stakeholder Coordinationin the Great Lakes Region ..................................................................................................93Box 6.1 Swimming through Hoops: Establishing an Offshore Aquaculture Facility ......101Box 6.2 Sunken Treasure: Our Underwater Cultural Heritage ..........................................102Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal Management byEnhancing NOAA’s Capacity ...........................................................................................111Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal Activities in Agencies other than NOAA ................113Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Presidential Reorganizationof the Executive Branch ...................................................................................................115Box 8.1 The Need for Qualified Science Teachers ...............................................................133Box 8.2 COOL Professional Development for Teachers......................................................134Box 8.3 Today’s Kids … Tomorrow’s Ocean Professionals ..................................................135Box 8.4 The Ocean Information Gap ....................................................................................142Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education? ...................................................................................143Box 8.6 NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuaries Program as aVehicle for Public Education ...........................................................................................144Box 8.7 Equal Opportunity Educators ..................................................................................145Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big Business..........................................................................151Box 9.2 The Smart Growth Movement..................................................................................152Box 9.3 What Is a Coastal Watershed?..................................................................................154Box 9.4 Balancing Federal Ocean Activities with State Coastal ManagementPrograms: The Federal Consistency Tool ......................................................................158Box 10.1 Hurricanes Wreak Havoc Along the Coast...........................................................164Box 10.2 New Orleans at Risk ........................................................................................165Box 11.1 Examples of Large-scale Coastal Habitat Restoration Efforts..........................174Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restoration Effort: Friends of Heeia State Park ...........177Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe .........................................................................................181Box 12.2 The Legacy of Sediment Contamination ..............................................................183Box 12.3 Beach Nourishment: One Use for Dredged Sediment.........................................186Box 13.1 Federal Members of the Interagency Committee for theMarine Transportation System ........................................................................................199Box 13.2 Nonfederal Member Organizations of theMarine Transportation System National Advisory Council ........................................199Box 14.1 Nutrient Pollution in Coastal Waters ...................................................................206Box 14.2 The Impact of Farm Nutrients on the Marine Environment .............................216Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitoring Needs ..................................................................227Box 15.2 Keeping Up With New Contaminants ..................................................................234Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Species? .................................................................................253Box 17.2 Federal Departments and Agencies withRoles in Invasive Species Management ..........................................................................260Box 18.1 Abandoned Fishing Nets Catch a Wave to Hawaii..............................................270Box 19.1 Dedicated Access Privileges: A Better Description ..............................................289xxxivA N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosystem-based Management: The Steller Sea Lion.........317Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial Diversity....................................................................341Box 24.1 Offshore Liquefied Natural Gas Ports May Be on the Horizon .......................358Box 24.2 The Federal Consistency Provision and Offshore Oil and Gas Development ......362Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cape Cod ......................................................................367Box 25.1 Examples of Ocean and Coastal Science Needs...................................................380Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies that Conduct Science-based Marine Operations .......389Box 25.3 Selected Ocean and Coastal Reports from theFormer Congressional Office of Technology Assessment............................................391Box 26.1 Components of the Integrated Ocean Observing System...................................396Box 26.2 Signatories to the Ocean.US Memorandum of Agreement.................................398Box 26.3 The National Weather Service: An Investment That Paid Off ...........................406Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Returns: The Economic Value ofOcean Observations..........................................................................................................408Box 28.1 Data Management Terminology.............................................................................429Box 29.1 Selected International Bodies with Ocean-related Responsibilities ..................451Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in International Capacity Building Efforts ............................455xxxv
Page 3 and 4: FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
Page 5: THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
Page 9 and 10: 1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
Page 15 and 16: U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
Page 17 and 18: Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
Page 24 and 25: PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
Page 26 and 27: Periodic Review and Modification...
Page 28 and 29: Expanding Research and Education ..
Page 30 and 31: CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
Page 32 and 33: Index to the Recommendations ......
Page 34 and 35: LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
Page 38 and 39: PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
Page 40 and 41: The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
Page 42 and 43: The message from both experts and t
Page 44 and 45: Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
Page 46 and 47: appropriate national policies, and
Page 48 and 49: Based on an improved understanding
Page 50 and 51: Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
Page 52 and 53: Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
Page 54 and 55: ciated with coastal population and
Page 56 and 57: To ensure good coordination, the In
Page 58 and 59: liferation of federal and state pro
Page 60 and 61: Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
Page 62 and 63: pation of all ocean-related federal
Page 64: also produce revenues in time, and
Page 68 and 69: CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
Page 70 and 71: Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
Page 72 and 73: Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
Page 74 and 75: Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
Page 76 and 77: Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
Page 78 and 79: chemicals tend to bind to particles
Page 80 and 81: coastal watershed counties grew by
Page 82 and 83: One of the most immediate phenomena
Page 84 and 85: 30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
Page 86 and 87:
CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
Page 179 and 180:
Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
Page 187 and 188:
PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
Page 191 and 192:
state and local decision making, so
Page 193 and 194:
• goals—State coastal managemen
Page 195 and 196:
Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
Page 211 and 212:
PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
Page 219 and 220:
Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
Page 221 and 222:
Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
Page 223 and 224:
One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
Page 236 and 237:
Recommendation 13-2Congress should
Page 238 and 239:
Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
Page 289 and 290:
25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
Page 297 and 298:
Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
Page 307 and 308:
established simply on the basis of
Page 309:
References1 U.S. Department of Comm
Page 312 and 313:
CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
Page 316 and 317:
While determining allowable biologi
Page 318 and 319:
Although the Secretary of Commerce
Page 320 and 321:
platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
Page 334 and 335:
Ecosystem-based management will als
Page 336 and 337:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
Page 342:
References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
Page 347 and 348:
Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
Page 351 and 352:
PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
Page 353 and 354:
Although not always caused by human
Page 355 and 356:
Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
Page 357 and 358:
9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
Page 359 and 360:
Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
Page 361 and 362:
appear to be exacerbating other cor
Page 363 and 364:
task force are the U.S. Department
Page 365 and 366:
exploitation by strictly regulating
Page 368 and 369:
CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
Page 370 and 371:
which are widespread in European sa
Page 372 and 373:
cies, and provides recommendations
Page 374:
Promoting International Improvement
Page 377 and 378:
tissues of fish and shellfish. When
Page 379 and 380:
Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
Page 385 and 386:
waters used for drinking and public
Page 387 and 388:
The FDA is responsible for ensuring
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
over control of offshore waters. On
Page 393 and 394:
Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
Page 397 and 398:
Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
Page 399 and 400:
State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
Page 401 and 402:
Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
Page 415 and 416:
down about one-half of the highly-r
Page 417 and 418:
ocean temperature can put the healt
Page 419 and 420:
Natural Hazards• basic understand
Page 421 and 422:
ating valuable information, includi
Page 423 and 424:
The National Sea Grant College Prog
Page 425 and 426:
The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
Page 427 and 428:
Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
Page 429 and 430:
Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
Page 434 and 435:
An integrated ocean and coastal obs
Page 436 and 437:
nation’s coastal and marine resou
Page 438 and 439:
One obvious application of the obse
Page 440 and 441:
Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
Page 442 and 443:
Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
Page 444 and 445:
Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
Page 446 and 447:
Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448:
Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452:
This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454:
Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456:
University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458:
cost of approximately $5 million; a
Page 459 and 460:
communication capabilities are also
Page 461 and 462:
A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
Page 463 and 464:
surface temperature measurements, a
Page 465 and 466:
References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468:
Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470:
to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472:
Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474:
• coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476:
Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480:
PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484:
the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486:
Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488:
Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490:
Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492:
International Ocean Science Program
Page 493:
Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 496 and 497:
CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
Page 498 and 499:
Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
Page 500 and 501:
Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 502 and 503:
also require federal support to bec
Page 504 and 505:
Other Ocean and Coastal Management
Page 506 and 507:
Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
Page 508:
Nevertheless, the need remains for
Page 511 and 512:
• Multiple Use Management: The ma
Page 513 and 514:
Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
Page 515 and 516:
Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
Page 517 and 518:
Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
Page 519 and 520:
• expand education and outreach e
Page 521 and 522:
Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
Page 523 and 524:
Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
Page 525 and 526:
• expanding the reach of each cen
Page 527 and 528:
Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
Page 533 and 534:
Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
Page 535 and 536:
Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
Page 537 and 538:
Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
Page 539 and 540:
Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
Page 541 and 542:
• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
Page 551 and 552:
• work with the National Ocean Co
Page 553 and 554:
• an interagency steering group,
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
Page 572 and 573:
ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
Page 575 and 576:
APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
Page 579 and 580:
2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
Page 581 and 582:
almost doubled in population over t
Page 583 and 584:
4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
Page 585 and 586:
Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
Page 587 and 588:
Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
Page 589 and 590:
5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
Page 591 and 592:
6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
Page 593 and 594:
7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
Page 595 and 596:
Table C.1 Population Change in the
Page 597 and 598:
Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
Page 601:
NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
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Council on Environmental QualityCre
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613:
Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615:
Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617:
Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619:
Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621:
Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623:
APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
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APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
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Table F.1 Congressional Committees
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Committee on Transportation and Inf
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 636 and 637:
Page 638 and 639:
Page 640 and 641:
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
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INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649:
federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651:
integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653:
programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655:
coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657:
Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 658 and 659:
invasive species, 252-263aquacultur
Page 660 and 661:
common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663:
monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665:
jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
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Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669:
single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671:
Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672:
pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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