U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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PART IXMOVING AHEAD:IMPLEMENTING A NEWNATIONAL OCEAN POLICYCHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS AND POSSIBLE SOURCES ......................................................458CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................472
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Page 446 and 447: Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
Page 448: Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
Page 451 and 452: This chapter does not attempt to pr
Page 453 and 454: Furthermore, while some facilities
Page 455 and 456: University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
Page 457 and 458: cost of approximately $5 million; a
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Page 461 and 462: A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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Page 465 and 466: References1 Office of Technology As
Page 467 and 468: Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
Page 469 and 470: to gather and integrate data from s
Page 471 and 472: Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
Page 473 and 474: • coordinate federal agency effor
Page 475 and 476: Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
Page 479 and 480: PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
Page 481 and 482: intergovernmental cooperation, and
Page 483 and 484: the LOS Convention are in the proce
Page 485 and 486: Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
Page 487 and 488: Meeting International ObligationsAl
Page 489 and 490: Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
Page 491 and 492: International Ocean Science Program
Page 493: Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
Page 497 and 498: coastal management: “NOAA should
Page 499 and 500: Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
Page 501 and 502: dination among federal agencies (Re
Page 503 and 504: ally over the next five years. Chap
Page 505 and 506: Under the new ocean policy framewor
Page 507 and 508: coastal resource treaty rights. A l
Page 510 and 511: CHAPTER 31SUMMARY OFRECOMMENDATIONS
Page 512 and 513: • creation of regional ocean coun
Page 514 and 515: Office on Ocean Observing (Ocean.US
Page 516 and 517: Environmental Protection AgencyReco
Page 518 and 519: Complete List of Recommendations in
Page 520 and 521: Recommendation 4-6Congress should e
Page 522 and 523: Recommendation 5-6The Council on En
Page 524 and 525: Chapter 8: Promoting Lifelong Ocean
Page 526 and 527: Recommendation 8-10The National Oce
Page 528 and 529: • performance measures—State co
Page 530 and 531: Recommendation 11-2The regional oce
Page 532 and 533: Recommendation 13-3The U.S. Departm
Page 534 and 535: Recommendation 14-7The U.S. Departm
Page 536 and 537: • an overall system design that d
Page 538 and 539: Recommendation 16-14In developing a
Page 540 and 541: Chapter 18: Reducing Marine DebrisR
Page 542 and 543: Recommendation 19-7The Regional Fis
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Recommendation 19-27The National Oc
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Chapter 21: Preserving Coral Reefs
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Chapter 23: Connecting the Oceans a
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• establish and maintain a single
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Recommendation 26-12The National Oc
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 29-8The United State
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APPENDIX AO CEANS A CT OF 2000
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Section 3. Commission</stro
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(H) Recommendations for any modific
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APPENDIX BA CRONYMS A PPEARINGIN TH
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MARPOLMEDEAMERHABMERPMLAMMCMMPAMMSM
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYMore than thirty y
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1. INTRODUCTIONAconstant theme in d
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3. TRENDS IN POPULATION AND HOUSING
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ties. From 1970-2000, the number of
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Major conclusions from Table C.5 in
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Figure C.6 Composition of the Priva
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growth in wages and output, while g
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The value of beach recreation Beach
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of freight. Expansions and improvem
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of a network among these and other
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Table C.3 Population in Coastal Tie
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Table C.6 Private Ocean EconomyOcea
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ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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APPENDIX DG LOSSARY OF F EDERALO CE
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Oceans Act of 2000 ................
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SECTION 2OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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National Invasive Species CouncilNa
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Clean Water ActCongress enacted the
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Farm Bill 1985—Food Security ActT
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National Oceanographic Partnership
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SECTION 4OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
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Clean Water Act—Total Maximum Dai
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National Park SystemThe National Pa
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Proposed Structure for Coordination
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CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES ANDSUBCOMM
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• Subcommittee on Forestry, Conse
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APPENDIX GD ETAILED C OSTS A SSOCIA
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Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
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I NDEX
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ecosystem-based management,62, 66-6
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Convention on the Conservationand M
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value of oceans, 30-36ecosystem ass
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erosion, 40, 182beaches, 42, 44, 16
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coral ecosystem effects, 44,320, 32
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oil, 236, 246, 362-363science and t
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Magnuson-Stevens FisheryConservatio
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National Ice Center, 402, 424, 430N
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dredging, 181, 183, 185-186,187, 19
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in marine transportation,192-193, 2
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evenues from resources, 33,102-103,
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treaty/treaties (see also agreement
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oceanographic research,49-50, 375,
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