U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy - Joint Ocean Commission Initiative

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invasive species, 252–263aquaculture and, 40, 256, 257,258, 261, 331–332, 336in ballast water discharge, 41,253, 254, 255, 256, 257–258,259, 260–261, 345Caulerpa taxifolia, 41, 259climate change and, 253costs of, 252, 259coordination of programs,258, 260–261Crassostrea ariakensis, 261defined, 253detection and response, 177,259–260domestic port–to–port contamination,257education and outreach, 255,258–259European green crab, 41, 253federal and state programs,255–256, 260–261funding for control, 252, 255,256, 258, 259hydrilla, 252, 259impacts, 41, 252–253, 308,345intentional introductions,256, 261international partnerships,261–262legislation, 253–255management, 253–256,260–261monitoring, 260, 262pathways for introduction, 41,253, 254, 256–257, 264prevention, 257–259regional approach, 254, 255research needs, 255, 262, 380trade in marine organismsand, 31, 41, 256, 257, 258IOC (see IntergovernmentalOceanographic <strong>Commission</strong>)IOOS (see Integrated OceanObserving System)ITQ (see individual transferablequotas)Japan, 274, 301, 340, 409, 413,418Jason II, 418–419jobs (see also employment; workforce)ocean–related, 31, 32, 322,353losses, 40, 41John H. Chafee Coastal BarrierResources System, 155, 156Johnson administration, 50, 53jurisdictionsbaseline, 70and coastal planning andmanagement, 153–154, 155,157contiguous zone, 72, 73continental shelf, 72–73endangered species, 306, 309,310–311energy and mineral resources,49, 70, 71, 72, 352–352, 367exclusive economic zone,30–31, 72, 73, 454fishery, 49, 51–52, 53, 275,283–285, 300high seas, 73, 454inconsistencies and ambiguitiesin laws, 73and land use planning, 152marine mammal and endangeredspecies protectionoffshore energy and mineralresources, 49, 70, 445primer on, 70–73sediment management, 181state, 49, 70–71, 284, 332,334, 352–354territorial sea, 53, 72, 73Kennedy administration, 49, 53,88laboratories and instrumentation,420Lacey Act, 254–255, 324Lake Erie, 206, 344 (see also GreatLakes)Lake Michigan, 34, 183 (see alsoGreat Lakes)Land and Water ConservationFund, 172, 359land use planning, 217, 220–221,395 (see also development)Landsat satellite system, 395, 425,431large marine ecosystems, 63–64,90, 295 (see alsoecosystem–based management)Law of the Sea Convention (seeLOS Convention)lease/leasing, offshore, 382for aquaculture, 101, 332, 334oil and gas, 49, 53, 54, 71,353–357, 359, 366, 369legislation (see also individualstatutes)conservation, 51–52, 54, 63,101coral reef management,323–324, 325–326debris management, 266endangered species, 101,309–310energy and resource minerals,49, 353–354, 360, 366environmental protection, 51,54, 222fishery management, 51–52,54, 275guiding principles, 62, 473invasive species control,253–255presidential reorganizationauthority, 114, 115resource development, 52territorial jurisdiction, 52Leinen, Margaret, 418levees (see flood control)London Convention, 265–266,446LOS Convention, 53, 54, 300,444–445, 390, 446, 451, 454jurisdictional definitions, 70,72, 73Louisiana, 89flood control measures, 165,174, 369habitat restoration, 173,174–175, 369offshore oil and gas production,353, 358vulnerability to natural hazards,164, 165, 168wetlands, 40, 165, 174, 178Loy, James M., 200H 14A N O CEAN B LUEPRINT FOR THE 21ST C ENTURY
Magnuson–Stevens FisheryConservation andManagement Act, 51–52, 54,63, 101, 275, 277–279,283–286, 289–291, 296, 297,323, 366, 382Maine, 152, 160, 332Malone, Thomas, 397mammal (see marine mammals)manatees, 307, 309, 313, 317mangrove forests, 41, 44, 171mapping and charting activities,118continental shelf, 390Electronic NavigationalCharts, 195erosion risks, 167federal, 389–392flood hazards, 165–166, 167funding, 177, 189, 213, 228,229, 231, 465integrated maps and assessments,388, 389, 436value of, 388MARAD (see MaritimeAdministration)marine debris (see debris)marine habitats (see also coastalhabitats; marine protectedareas)areas of particular concern,297losses, 40, 308protection, 104, 295, 297–298value of, 37Marine Mammal <strong>Commission</strong>, 84,267, 309, 310Marine Mammal Protection Act,101, 309, 310, 311–313, 316,317, 353, 366, 367marine mammals, 48 (see alsoendangered species; individualspecies)commercial harvesting, 307harassment, 312interactive education programs,316legislation, 101, 309noise effects, 307, 315–316permitting and review standards,312–314research, 312, 380status of stocks, 309strandings, 315threats to, 266–267, 306–307,331marine operationscoordinating and consolidating,388–391defined, 388federal mapping and charting,390–392mapping and assessingresources, 389Marine Plastic Pollution Researchand Control Act, 266, 269marine protected areas (see alsoNational Marine SanctuaryProgram)biodiversity in, 104defined, 103federal efforts, 103–104, 171fishery management and, 295international agreements, 450as management tool, 103–106national interests and, 105stakeholder input, 90, 99, 106research in, 343role, 104Marine Protection, Research, andSanctuaries Act, 266, 325, 353Marine Resources andEngineering DevelopmentAct, 50marine sanitation devices, 241,243Marine Transportation SecurityAct, 238marine transportation system,192–201components, 193–196coordination of, 196,197–198, 200economic value, 31, 32,192–193, 194, 195, 200, 236ecosystem–based management,196emergency preparedness,200–201federal roles, 197–198global climate change and,197harbors, channels, and waterways,186, 196, 200information needs, 199–200,390interagency committee,197–198, 199intermodal connections, 196,198–199, 200, 384National Advisory Council,198, 199national interests, 238navigational aids, 195, 390personnel, 196ports, 186, 193–194, 196,198, 200–201security, 32, 200, 238services provided, 193shipbuilding and repair,194–195, 198vessel characteristics, 194Maritime Administration, 51, 199,358maritime domain awareness,249–250MARPOL (see InternationalConvention for the Preventionof Pollution from Ships)Marshall Islands, 44, 321,409–410Maryland, 88, 344, 358Smart Growth andNeighborhood ConservationInitiative, 152Massachusetts, 160, 236, 358, 367McCreary, Richard, 239mentoring, 135, 141Merchant Marine Act (Jones Act),194, 195mercury, 223, 224, 346, 348, 349(see also heavy metals)MERHAB (see Monitoring andEvent Response for HarmfulAlgal Blooms)metadata, 429, 436methane hydrates, 33, 341,364–365, 387, 450Methane Hydrate Research andDevelopment Act, 365Mexico, 224, 261, 358, 454Mineral Leasing Act, 359minerals, non–petroleum (see alsoenergy and mineral resources)commercial interest in, 352I NDEXH 15
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FINAL REPORTAN OCEAN BLUEPRINTFOR T
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THE UNITED STATES IS AN OCEAN NATIO
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1120 20TH STREET, NW • SUITE 200
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U.S. COMMISSION ON OCEAN POLICYChai
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Shirley A. Pomponi, Ph.D.President
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAn effort of this m
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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PART IVLIVING ON THE EDGE: ECONOMIC
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Periodic Review and Modification...
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Expanding Research and Education ..
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED, IN
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Index to the Recommendations ......
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLESFigure 1.
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LIST OF BOXESBox 1.1 Defining Coast
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PHOTOGRAPH IDENTIFICATIONAND CREDIT
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The Value of the Oceans and CoastsA
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The message from both experts and t
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Guiding PrinciplesThe Commi
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appropriate national policies, and
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Based on an improved understanding
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Figure ES.5 Many Different Platform
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Figure ES.6 U.S. Students Fall Behi
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ciated with coastal population and
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To ensure good coordination, the In
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liferation of federal and state pro
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Preserving Coral Reefs and Other Co
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pation of all ocean-related federal
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also produce revenues in time, and
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CHAPTER 1RECOGNIZING OCEAN ASSETSAN
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Figure 1.2 The Value of the CoastsJ
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Box 1.1 Defining Coastal AreasThe c
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Figure 1.4 The Shift from Goods to
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Box 1.2 The “Fourth Seacoast”
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chemicals tend to bind to particles
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coastal watershed counties grew by
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One of the most immediate phenomena
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30 Fleming, L.E., et al. “The Epi
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CHAPTER 2UNDERSTANDING THE PASTTO S
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ments. The Navy’s ocean data hold
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The legislation was prompted by the
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The architects of ocean-related pro
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Congress on ocean and coastal issue
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Figure 2.1 Invited Panelists Repres
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CHAPTER 3SETTING THE NATION’S SIG
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USCOP File PhotoThe Commiss
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Figure 3.1 Large Marine Ecosystems
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damage is also high, managers shoul
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Figure 3.2 The Foundations of a New
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PRIMER ON OCEAN JURISDICTIONS:DRAWI
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The Territorial Sea (0 to 12 Nautic
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PART 2BLUEPRINT FOR CHANGE:A NEW NA
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Government agencies work on these a
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Recommendation 4-1Congress should e
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• reach out to state, territorial
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Figure 4.2 Proposed Structure for C
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References1 National Research Counc
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significant initiative by federal a
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The California Bay-Delta Authority
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Box 5.2 Nature and Functions of Reg
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Box 5.3 Moving Toward Improved Fede
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data collection efforts are essenti
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CHAPTER 6COORDINATING MANAGEMENTIN
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nisms for managing new ocean uses.
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sure that disputes are resolved and
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Reserve System, which is made up of
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Regional and Local StakeholdersPart
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Reviewing Previous Reorganization P
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Box 7.1 Improving Ocean and Coastal
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Box 7.2 Federal Ocean and Coastal A
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Box 7.3 Historical Precedent for Pr
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Table 7.1 (continued) Thirty Years
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PART 3OCEAN STEWARDSHIP:THE IMPORTA
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Ocean StewardshipTo successfully ad
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Therefore, the interaction and invo
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NOPP’s Ocean Research Advisory Pa
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Recommendation 8-4Ocean.ED should d
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Figure 8.2 U.S. Students Fall Behin
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Bridging the Gap between Scientists
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Recommendation 8-8Ocean.ED, working
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creativity that has expanded our un
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Recommendation 8-11Ocean.ED should
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Recommendation 8-14The National Sci
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Box 8.5 What Is Informal Education?
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to reach desired outcomes. While fe
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PART 4L IVING ON THE E DGE:E CONOMI
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Box 9.1 Coastal Activities Are Big
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state and local decision making, so
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• goals—State coastal managemen
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Other Relevant Federal ProgramsIn a
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forward. An applicant can appeal su
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References1 Culliton, T.J. Populati
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Improving Federal Managementof Haza
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Box 10.2 New Orleans at RiskPrior t
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Dave Gatley/FEMA News PhotoHomes bu
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that develop excellent mitigation p
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tal and human disturbances such as
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PhotolinkCoastal habitats provide e
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Restoration efforts have intensifie
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Box 11.2 A Community Habitat Restor
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Although it has shown some success
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Box 12.1 Sediment: Friend or Foe?Se
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Changing Sediment QualityOver the l
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One of the difficulties in undertak
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Beneficial Uses of Dredged Material
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The National Shoreline Management S
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CHAPTER 13SUPPORTING MARINE COMMERC
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Figure 13.1 Ports Are the Primary G
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Harbors, Channels, and WaterwaysThe
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Recommendation 13-2Congress should
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Recommendation 13-5The U.S. Departm
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PART VC LEAR WATERS A HEAD:C OASTAL
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Figure 14.1 Report Card on Regional
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sources, such as industrial facilit
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meet water quality goals. Decisions
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Animal Feeding OperationsMany anima
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nants over land, into streams and g
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Major Nonpoint SourcesThe majority
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USCOP File PhotoUSCOP File PhotoAs
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Expanding Uses of State Revolving F
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Recommendation 14-11The U.S. Enviro
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assisting in the implementation of
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References1 U.S. Environmental Prot
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Box 15.1 Ocean and Coastal Monitori
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EPA’s Environmental Monitoring an
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local, and municipal governments, w
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System DesignSampling protocols are
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Making Data Accessible and UsefulA
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and 75 percent of cargo ships opera
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Although many flag states take thei
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Reducing Vessel PollutionStrengthen
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Voluntary actions can provide a use
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Figure 16.2 The Oil Pollution Act C
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developing new regulatory and non-r
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25 Ibid.26 Center for Environmental
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Box 17.1 What Is an Invasive Specie
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Figure 17.2 Addressing Aquatic Inva
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Global Trade in Marine OrganismsHum
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Recommendation 17-4The National Oce
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tant for ballast water, coordinated
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10 U.S. General Accounting Office.
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each in the entire world. 3 A study
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Research Program), directed by NOAA
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established simply on the basis of
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References1 U.S. Department of Comm
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CHAPTER 19ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLEFISH
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Figure 19.1 Fishery LitigationGrows
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While determining allowable biologi
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Although the Secretary of Commerce
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platforms to expand the scope of da
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Figure 19.3 Migratory Fish RequireC
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majority of RFMC members, may tend
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entrants to a fishery. However, the
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NOAA Photo LibraryEnforcement Partn
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The cost of VMS for fishing vessel
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Ecosystem-based management will als
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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• Major government subsidies aime
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oad regions of the seas, the existi
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References1 U.S. Commission
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fishing line because they are not a
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Reviewing Authorities and Responsib
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The division of endangered species
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PhotolinkHumans love to observe mar
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Although not always caused by human
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Box 20.1 Making a Case for Ecosyste
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9 Flint, E. and Swift, K. eds. Seco
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Figure 21.1 Tropical Waters Are Hom
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appear to be exacerbating other cor
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task force are the U.S. Department
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exploitation by strictly regulating
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CHAPTER 22SETTING A COURSE FORSUSTA
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which are widespread in European sa
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cies, and provides recommendations
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Promoting International Improvement
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tissues of fish and shellfish. When
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Box 23.1 Special Focus on Microbial
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Figure 23.1 Harmful Algal Blooms on
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waters used for drinking and public
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The FDA is responsible for ensuring
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over control of offshore waters. On
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Figure 24.1 Offshore Oil and Gas Le
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Trends in Domestic Offshore Oil and
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Table 24.1 Federal Revenues from Of
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State Involvement in OCS Oil and Ga
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Figure 24.3 Oil Inputs to theNorth
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The estimated amount of natural gas
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Box 24.3 A Mighty Wind Blows in Cap
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commercial recovery, including offs
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PART VIIS CIENCE- BASED D ECISIONS:
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hydrologic, and atmospheric systems
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down about one-half of the highly-r
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ocean temperature can put the healt
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Natural Hazards• basic understand
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ating valuable information, includi
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The National Sea Grant College Prog
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The Value of Ocean ExplorationAbout
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Box 25.2 Primary Federal Agencies t
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Recommendation 25-7The Federal Geog
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CHAPTER 26ACHIEVING A SUSTAINED,INT
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An integrated ocean and coastal obs
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nation’s coastal and marine resou
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One obvious application of the obse
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Recommendation 26-5Ocean.US should
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Recommendation 26-7Ocean.US should
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Box 26.3 The National Weather Servi
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Box 26.4 An Investment with Big Ret
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Islands, and Palau). Examples of ca
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This chapter does not attempt to pr
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Furthermore, while some facilities
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University of Hawaii Marine CenterT
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cost of approximately $5 million; a
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communication capabilities are also
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A Coast Guard cutter and helicopter
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surface temperature measurements, a
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References1 Office of Technology As
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Box 28.1 Data Management Terminolog
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to gather and integrate data from s
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Figure 28.2 The Growing Demand for
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• coordinate federal agency effor
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Recommendation 28-3Ocean.IT should
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PART VIIITHE GLOBAL OCEAN:U.S. PART
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intergovernmental cooperation, and
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the LOS Convention are in the proce
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Table 29.1 (continued) U.S. Partici
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Meeting International ObligationsAl
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Box 29.1 Selected International Bod
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International Ocean Science Program
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Box 29.2 U.S. Involvement in Intern
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CHAPTER 30FUNDING NEEDS ANDPOSSIBLE
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Table 30.1 Summary of Costs Associa
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Table 30.1 (continued) Summary of C
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also require federal support to bec
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Other Ocean and Coastal Management
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Chapter 24 also addresses the poten
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Nevertheless, the need remains for
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• Multiple Use Management: The ma
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Index to the RecommendationsThe fol
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Department of DefenseArmy Corps of
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Recommendations to Regional BodiesR
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• expand education and outreach e
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Chapter 5: Advancing a Regional App
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Chapter 7: Strengthening the Federa
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• expanding the reach of each cen
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Recommendation 8-15The Office of Na
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Recommendation 12-4The National Dre
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Chapter 14: Addressing Coastal Wate
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Recommendation 14-12The U.S. Enviro
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Recommendation 16-6The U.S. Environ
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Recommendation 17-5The National Inv
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• the National Oceanic and Atmosp
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Recommendation 19-21The National Ma
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Chapter 22: Setting a Course for Su
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• work with the National Ocean Co
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• an interagency steering group,
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Page 557 and 558:
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Chapter 29: Advancing International
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PART XA PPENDICESAPPENDIX AOCEANS A
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One Hundred Sixth CongressOf theUni
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(e) MEETINGS—(1) ADMINISTRATION
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Section 5. Biennial ReportBeginning
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ACRONYMS APPEARING IN THE REPORTAAA
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APPENDIX CLIVING NEAR…AND MAKINGA
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growing much faster. The region nea
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2. DEFINING THE COASTWhat is meant
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almost doubled in population over t
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4. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY OF
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Figure C.5 Changes in the Ocean Eco
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Figure C.7 Regional Distribution of
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5. THE COASTAL AND OCEANECONOMY BEY
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6. IMPLICATIONSThe changes in the c
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7. THE FUTURE OF UNDERSTANDINGTHE C
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Table C.1 Population Change in the
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Table C.4 Population Growth by Coas
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REFERENCESApogee Research and Resou
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NOTES1 “Counties” in this conte
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SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATED
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SECTION 1PURPOSE OF THIS GLOSSARYTh
Page 608 and 609: Council on Environmental QualityCre
Page 610 and 611: SECTION 3OCEAN AND COASTAL-RELATEDF
Page 612 and 613: Comprehensive Environmental Respons
Page 614 and 615: Marine Plastic Pollution Researchan
Page 616 and 617: Outer Continental Shelf Lands ActTh
Page 618 and 619: Clean Water Act—National EstuaryP
Page 620 and 621: Farm Bill Conservation ProgramsCong
Page 623: APPENDIX EP ROPOSED S TRUCTURE FORC
Page 627 and 628: APPENDIX FC ONGRESSIONAL C OMMITTEE
Page 629 and 630: Table F.1 Congressional Committees
Page 631: Committee on Transportation and Inf
Page 634 and 635: Detailed Costs Associated with Reco
Page 646 and 647: INDEXacademic/academia, 260aquacult
Page 648 and 649: federal area-based programs,34, 150
Page 650 and 651: integration of multiplesources, 234
Page 652 and 653: programmatic permitting,312-314prot
Page 654 and 655: coordination and cooperationin, 100
Page 656 and 657: Department of Educationinitiative,
Page 660 and 661: common heritage of mankind,53deep s
Page 662 and 663: monitoring programs, 228,230, 231,
Page 664 and 665: jurisdiction issues, 72, 454nationa
Page 666 and 667: Mid-Atlantic, 276, 278, 288mission,
Page 668 and 669: single-hull vessel phase-outs,54, 2
Page 670 and 671: Service, 215, 260Economic Research
Page 672: pharmaceuticals and antibiotics,209
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